Table 1.

Targeting of DC in situ to promote (transplant) tolerance

Method	Species	Protocol	Effect	Refs
Vesicles
Apoptotic cell vesicles	Mouse	i.v. injection of donor splenocytes in early apoptosis alone or with αCD154 mAb, 7 days before heart transplant	Donor specific deletion of indirectly alloreactive T cells; increase in alloreactive T regs	[123–125]
Immature donor DC-derived exosomes	Mouse	i.v. injection before or after heart transplant plus low close rapamycin	Donor-specific tolerance	[109]
	Rat	Pre-transplant (heart) infusion of donor BM-derived exosomes in fully MHC-mismatched recipients	Prolongation of graft survival; decreased anti-donor T cell responses; increased anti-donor MHC II alloAb production	[39]
	Rat	Post-transplant infusion (x2) combined with deoxyspergualin analogue	Donor-specific tolerance; suppression of chronic rejection	[40]
	Rat	Caudal injection on d −7, 0 and 7 in relation to allogeneic liver transplantation ± exogenous donor-specific Tregs	Indefinite graft survival with exosome/Treg combination	[126]
Antibody
mAb directed against DC surface Ags (lectin-like receptors)	Mouse	Ag coupled to anti-CD205 mAb	Ag-specific CD8 T cell deletional tolerance	[117]
	Mouse	Pretreatment with anti-33D1 (DCIR2) conj. with H2kd monomer in combination with αCD8-depleting Ab	Prevention of CD4 indirect alloresponses and IgG against partially MHC I-mismatched skin grafts (B6.Kd)	[127]
	Rhesus monkey	i.v. MD-3 anti-ICAM Ab combined with low dose rapamycin and αCD154	Long-term survival of pig xenoislets	[128]
	Humanized mouse	MD-3 mAb before transplant	Xenospecific T cell tolerance; prevention of xenoislet rejection	[128]
Anti-DC-A5GPR† mAb	Cynomolgus monkey	i.d. immunization with Ag fused to anti-DC-ASGPRAb every 5–6 w after flu virus	Ag-specific, IL-10 producing Tregs in vivo	[129]
Myeloid cell-specific nanobiologics*	Mouse	Post-transplant treatment of heart allograft recipients	Indefinite graft survival with expansion of CD4+ Tregs	[63]

^*mTORi HDL treatment + CD40-TRAF6-specific nanobiologic (TRAF6i-HDL);

^†DC-ASGPR = DC-asialoglycoprotein