Table 2.

Nanocarrier-based approaches to mediate transplant tolerance

Nanocarrier	Drug/Agent	Model	Effect	Reference
PLGA-NPs	Anti-CD3	In vivo	Prolongation of mouse heart allograft survival increased intragraft and draining lymph node Treg depletion	[49]
PLGA-MPs	H-2Kb-Ig dimer and anti-Fas mAb	In vivo	Prolongation of mouse skin allograft survival and depletion of Ag-specific CD8 T cells	[130]
PLGA-NPs	Rapamycin	In vitro	Secretion of high levels of TGF-β and very low levels of IL-10 and IL-12 by DCs	[56]
MPEG-PLA-NPs	Tacrolimus	In vivo	Prolongation of rat liver transplant survival	[131]
PEG-bl-PPS Micelle	Rapamycin and Tacrolimus	In vivo	Prolongation of mouse skin allograft survival	[132]
PLG-NPs	Donor Ag	In vivo	Induction of transplant tolerance in fully MHC-mismatched mouse allogeneic islet transplantation	[133]
PLGA-NPs	Rapamycin	In vitro	Downregulation of ICAM-1 and maintenance of an immunosuppressive cytokine milieu for DCs	[134]
PLGA-NPs	Mycophenolic acid	In vivo	Prolongation of mouse skin allograft survival	[135]
HDL-NPs	CD40-TRAF6 inhibitory and Rapamycin	In vivo	Prevention of alloreactive CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity and promotion of tolerogenic Treg cell expansion	[63]
PLGA-NPs	Either protein or peptide Ags and rapamycin	In vivo	Inhibition of Ag-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and B cell activation while inducing Ag-specific Tregs and Bregs	[64]

Abbreviations: HDL: high-density lipoprotein; MPEG-PLA: poly(ethyleneglycol)-poly(D,L-lactide); NPs: nanoparticles; PEG-bl-PPS: poly(ethylene glycol)-bl-poly(propylene sulfide); PLG: poly(lactide-co-glycolide); PLGA, polylactic-co-glycolic acid; TRAF6; tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6