Table 1. Literature overview of counterconditioning studies in humans.

A list of contemporary studies in humans comparing the effectiveness of counterconditioning vs standard extinction. This list is meant to provide an overview of the field, but is not an exhaustive list. Behaviors listed under “CC > EXT” are those specifically affected by counterconditioning, whereas behaviors listed under “CC = EXT” were equivalent between conditions. Comparison between counterconditioning and extinction condition does not verify strength of the statistical test used. CC = counterconditioning; EXT = standard extinction; CS= conditioned stimulus; US = unconditioned stimulus; SCR = skin conductance responses; APT = affective priming test.

						Behavior affected by counterconditioning versus extinction	Behavior unaffected by counterconditioned relative to extinction
Publication	CC Paradigm	CS	US1	US2	Betweensession followup?
Dunsmoor et al. 2015	aversive-toneutral	angry face	shock	tone	✓	SCR
Dunsmoor et al. 2019	aversive-toneutral	angry face	shock	tone	✓	SCR
Lucas et al. 2018	aversive-toneutral	angry face	shock	tone	✓	SCR
Krypotos & Englehard	aversive-toneutral	angry face	shock	tone	✓		avoidance
Raes and Raedt, 2012	aversive-toneutral	neutral face	100 decibel white noise	neutral tone		CS APT scores	US1 expectancy, CS valence, CS fear ratings
Raes and Raedt, 2012	aversive-toappetitive	neutral face	100 decibel white noise	baby laugh		CS APT scores	US1 expectancy, CS valence, CS fear ratings
Kang et al. 2018	aversive-toappetitive	spider image	shock	cartoon images	✓	US1 expectancy ratings	CS valence ratings
van Dis et al. 2019	aversive-toappetitive	neutral face	shock	6s funny film clips	✓	CS valence ratings	US1 expectancy, SCR & FPS
Meulders et al. 2015	aversive-toappetitive	joystick movement	painful shock	monetary reward		CS valence (borderline significance)	US1 fear, US1 expectancy, US1 pain ratings
de Jong et al. 2000	aversive-toappetitive	spider	participants were women with spider phobia	tasty food items & favorite music	✓		affective valence of spiders
Eifert et al. 1988	aversive-toappetitive	feared animals	participants were patients with animal phobia	positively rated music	✓	affective valence of feared animals
Dour et al. 2016	aversive-toappetitive (valence training after exposure)	spiders	participants had elevated fear of spiders	7 minute positive film clip about spiders	✓	CS fear ratings, CS avoidance, CS valence
Luck & Lipp 2017	aversive-toappetitive	image of a person	shock	positive information about the CS		CS valence	SCR
Newall et al., 2017	aversive-toappetitive	images of novel animals	fearful adult face	happy adult face		CS avoidance and fear ratings
Reynolds et al., 2017	aversive-toappetitive	images of animals	fearful adult face	happy adult face		CS avoidance fear ratings & heart rate
Kelly et al., 2010	aversive-toappetitive	two unfamiliar Australian marsupials	threat information about the animal	positive information about the animal		CS fear beliefs	avoidance
Muris et al., 2011	aversive-toappetitive	novel animal	threat information about the animal	positive information about the animal		CS fear beliefs
Van Gucht et al., 2010	appetitiveto-aversive	serving tray	chocolate	polysorbate 20	✓	US1 expectancy and liking
Kaag et al., 2016	appetitiveto-aversive	colored squares	monetary reward	shock		reduced activity in reward network