Table 2.
Logistic Regression Describing Health Workers' Personal Attitudes Toward People Living with HIV and Key Populations by Country
| PLHIV (n = 1439) |
Women who sell sex (n = 1408) |
MSM (n = 1366) |
Young women who become pregnant before marriage (n = 1432) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n/N (%) | aORs (95% CIs)* | n/N (%) | aORs (95% CIs)* | n/N (%) | aORs (95% CIs)* | n/N (%) | aORs (95% CIs)* | |
| I would be ashamed if someone in my family was (key population) | ||||||||
| Zambia | ||||||||
| HFS | 32/528 (6.1) | 1 [0.307]† | 437/523 (83.6) | 1 [0.130]† | 451/500 (90.2) | 1 [0.052]† | 257/517 (49.7) | 1 [0.005]† |
| CHiP | 13/373 (3.5) | 0.57 (0.30–1.10) | 299/373 (80.2) | 0.83 (0.58–1.19) | 314/366 (85.8) | 0.71 (0.46–1.08) | 191/371 (51.5) | 0.97 (0.73–1.28) |
| CHW | 7/103 (6.8) | 1.62 (0.72–3.67) | 79/106 (74.5) | 0.61 (0.36–1.03) | 91/106 (85.8) | 0.67 (0.35–1.30) | 69/108 (63.9) | 1.32 (0.85–2.07) |
| South Africa | ||||||||
| HFS | 8/159 (5) | 1 [0.074]† | 108/153 (70.6) | 1 [0.344]† | 75/147 (51) | 1 [0.287]† | 36/162 (22.2) | 1 [<0.001]† |
| CHiP | 6/181 (3.3) | 0.55 (0.18–1.66) | 119/162 (73.5) | 1.27 (0.79–2.05) | 83/157 (52.9) | 0.96 (0.62–1.48) | 58/178 (32.6) | 2.10 (1.28–3.46) |
| CHW | 10/95 (10.5) | 2.58 (1.01–6.57) | 58/91 (63.7) | 0.89 (0.52–1.51) | 51/90 (56.7) | 1.20 (0.72–1.99) | 42/96 (43.8) | 3.07 (1.78–5.31) |
| (Key population) engage in irresponsible behaviors | ||||||||
| Zambia | ||||||||
| HFS | 152/528 (28.8) | 1 [<0.001]† | 432/523 (82.6) | 1 [0.001]† | 387/500 (77.4) | 1 [0.170]† | 237/517 (45.8) | 1 [<0.001]† |
| CHiP | 105/373 (28.2) | 0.96 (0.71–1.31) | 302/373 (81) | 0.92 (0.64–1.32) | 287/366 (78.4) | 0.98 (0.70–1.38) | 203/371 (54.7) | 1.33 (1.01–1.75) |
| CHW | 40/103 (38.8) | 1.45 (0.91–2.32) | 88/106 (83) | 1.13 (0.62–2.05) | 87/106 (82.1) | 1.10 (0.62–1.95) | 73/108 (67.6) | 2.15 (1.36–3.40) |
| South Africa | ||||||||
| HFS | 47/159 (29.6) | 1 [<0.001]† | 92/153 (60.1) | 1 [0.049]† | 79/147 (53.7) | 1 [0.010]† | 63/162 (38.9) | 1 [0.366]† |
| CHiP | 36/181 (19.9) | 0.67 (0.40–1.13) | 93/162 (57.4) | 0.94 (0.59–1.50) | 67/157 (42.7) | 0.80 (0.51–1.28) | 60/178 (33.7) | 0.86 (0.54–1.35) |
| CHW | 31/95 (32.6) | 1.44 (0.83–2.51) | 55/91 (60.4) | 0.93 (0.55–1.59) | 43/90 (47.8) | 0.80 (0.47–1.35) | 37/96 (38.5) | 1.09 (0.65–1.82) |
| Other people deserve access to health services more than (key population) | ||||||||
| Zambia | ||||||||
| HFS | 90/528 (17) | 1 [0.020]† | 61/523 (11.7) | 1 [0.018]† | 68/500 (13.6) | 1 [0.017]† | 76/517 (14.7) | 1 [0.088]† |
| CHiP | 91/373 (24.4) | 1.64 (1.17–2.31) | 69/373 (18.5) | 1.78 (1.21–2.62) | 64/366 (17.5) | 1.38 (0.94–2.03) | 61/371 (16.4) | 1.16 (0.79–1.70) |
| CHW | 30/103 (29.1) | 2.23 (1.35–3.70) | 22/106 (20.8) | 2.04 (1.16–3.60) | 28/106 (26.4) | 2.42 (1.42–4.13) | 27/108 (25) | 1.95 (1.15–3.33) |
| South Africa | ||||||||
| HFS | 22/159 (13.8) | 1 [0.001]† | 14/153 (9.2) | 1 [0.002]† | 15/147 (10.2) | 1 [0.106]† | 20/162 (12.3) | 1 [0.020]† |
| CHiP | 51/181 (28.2) | 2.71 (1.53–4.82) | 27/162 (16.7) | 2.52 (1.26–5.04) | 27/157 (17.2) | 2.18 (1.09–4.32) | 36/178 (20.2) | 1.75 (0.97–3.15) |
| CHW | 32/95 (33.7) | 3.54 (1.90–6.58) | 25/91 (27.5) | 3.88 (1.90–7.92) | 20/90 (22.2) | 2.90 (1.40–5.97) | 23/96 (24) | 2.46 (1.30–4.64) |
| If I had a choice, I would prefer not to provide services to (key population) | ||||||||
| Zambia | ||||||||
| HFS | 37/528 (7) | 1 [0.492]† | 39/523 (7.5) | 1 [0.123]† | 53/500 (10.6) | 1 [0.165]† | 27/517 (5.2) | 1 [0.210]† |
| CHiP | 20/373 (5.4) | 0.84 (0.48–1.48) | 24/373 (6.4) | 0.95 (0.55–1.63) | 33/366 (9) | 0.90 (0.56–1.43) | 9/371 (2.4) | 0.45 (0.20–0.98) |
| CHW | 7/103 (6.8) | 1.06 (0.45–2.50) | 17/106 (16) | 2.51 (1.27–4.95) | 20/106 (18.9) | 2.01 (1.08–3.73) | 8/108 (7.4) | 1.41 (0.57–3.48) |
| South Africa | ||||||||
| HFS | 4/159 (2.5) | 1 [<0.001]† | 11/153 (7.2) | 1 [0.004]† | 9/147 (6.1) | 1 [0.128]† | 10/162 (6.2) | 1 [0.014]† |
| CHiP | 8/181 (4.4) | 1.27 (0.38–4.23) | 11/162 (6.8) | 0.92 (0.39–2.15) | 11/157 (7) | 1.02 (0.42–2.47) | 11/178 (6.2) | 1.09 (0.45–2.63) |
| CHW | 13/95 (13.7) | 8.74 (2.85–26.77) | 16/91 (17.6) | 2.90 (1.29–6.49) | 15/90 (16.7) | 3.38 (1.46–7.83) | 12/96 (12.5) | 2.90 (1.23–6.84) |
HFS is the reference category with overall padj value of the model presented in brackets.
*
Adjusted for sex, age, and triplet.
†
pm Value for model.
aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CIs, confidence intervals; CHiP, community HIV care provider; CHW, community-based health worker; HFS, health facility staff; MSM, men who have sex with men; PLHIV, people living with HIV.
p-Values marked in bold indicate numbers that are significant on the 95% confidence limit.