Table 4.
The Association Between Health Workers' Training, Perceptions of Coworker Attitudes, and Stigmatizing Attitudes with Four Stigma Outcomes for People Living with HIV
| |
|
I would be ashamed if someone in my family was a person living with HIV |
PLHIV engage in irresponsible behaviors |
If I had a choice, I would prefer not to provide services to a person living with HIV |
Other people deserve access to health services more than PLHIV |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Categories | n/N (%)* | aOR (95% CIs)† | pw‡ | n/N (%)* | aOR (95% CIs)† | pw‡ | n/N (%)* | aOR (95% CIs)† | pw‡ | n/N (%)* | aOR (95% CIs)† | pw‡ |
| Training on infection controla | No | 17/340 (5.0) | 1 | 0.640 | 94/340 (27.6) | 1 | 0.858 | 16/340 (4.7) | 1 | 0.156 | 68/340 (20.0) | 1 | 0.491 |
| Yes | 56/1019 (5.5) | 1.14 (0.65–2.02) | 293/1019 (28.8) | 1.03 (0.77–1.36) | 70/1019 (6.9) | 1.50 (0.86–2.65) | 219/1019 (21.5) | 1.12 (0.82–1.52) | |||||
| Missing | 3/80 (3.8) | 24/80 (30.0) | 3/80 (3.8) | 29/80 (36.3) | |||||||||
| My coworkers sometimes treat PLHIV poorlyb | Strongly disagree | 14/541 (2.6) | 1 | <0.001 | 114/541 (21.1) | 1 | <0.001 | 16/541 (3.0) | 1 | <0.001 | 90/541 (16.6) | 1 | <0.001 |
| Disagree | 35/658 (5.3) | 2.15 (1.14–4.07) | 209/658 (31.8) | 1.69 (1.28–2.21) | 40/658 (6.1) | 2.12 (1.16–3.85) | 148/658 (22.5) | 1.49 (1.10–2.00) | |||||
| Agree | 19/172 (11.0) | 4.64 (2.23–9.66) | 64/172 (37.2) | 1.96 (1.33–2.89) | 22/172 (12.8) | 4.57 (2.29–9.11) | 61/172 (35.5) | 2.97 (1.98–4.45) | |||||
| Strongly agree | 7/38 (18.4) | 8.00 (2.92–21.92) | 19/38 (50.0) | 3.16 (1.58–6.32) | 8/38 (21.1) | 8.38 (3.23–21.72) | 12/38 (31.6) | 2.78 (1.32–5.82) | |||||
| Missing | 1/30 (3.3) | 5/30 (16.7) | 3/30 (10.0) | 5/30 (16.7) | |||||||||
| My coworkers sometimes talk badly about PLHIVc | Strongly disagree | 10/297 (3.4) | 1 | <0.001 | 48/297 (16.2) | 1 | <0.001 | 7/297 (2.4) | 1 | <0.001 | 53/297 (17.8) | 1 | 0.007 |
| Disagree | 25/672 (3.7) | 1.15 (0.54–2.45) | 200/672 (29.8) | 2.16 (1.51–3.11) | 36/672 (5.4) | 2.49 (1.09–5.73) | 138/672 (20.5) | 1.26 (0.88–1.81) | |||||
| Agree | 24/339 (7.1) | 2.37 (1.10–5.13) | 109/339 (32.2) | 2.39 (1.60–3.56) | 30/339 (8.8) | 4.22 (1.80–9.89) | 89/339 (26.3) | 1.83 (1.23–2.72) | |||||
| Strongly agree | 17/114 (14.9) | 5.30 (2.29–12.24) | 51/114 (44.7) | 4.13 (2.50–6.82) | 16/114 (14.0) | 6.96 (2.72–17.78) | 32/114 (28.1) | 1.93 (1.15–3.26) | |||||
| Missing | 0/17 (0.0) | 3/17 (17.6) | 0/17 (0.0) | 4/17 (23.5) | |||||||||
Proportion of health workers responding strongly agree or agree.
Adjusted for sex, age, cadre of health worker, and triplet.
A p value of <0.05 indicates that the predictor creates a statistically significant improvement in the fit of the model.
Infection control and universal precautions (including postexposure prophylaxis and waste management).
My coworkers sometimes treat PLHIV poorly when providing them.
My coworkers sometimes talk badly about people thought to be living with HIV.
aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CIs, confidence intervals; n, number of individuals reporting the four types of stigma within groups; N, total number of individuals within groups; PLHIV, people living with HIV; pw, p value of the Wald test.
p-Values marked in bold indicate numbers that are significant on the 95% confidence limit.