Table 2. Baseline parameter values used for modeling the Endau Rompin Landscape elephant population.

Input parameter	Value	Source/justification
General parameters
Number of years	100	Following Tilson et al. (1994); also see ‘Discussion’ section.
Time-steps	1 year	Following Tilson et al. (1994) and Leimgruber et al. (2008).
Number of iterations	500	Following Tilson et al. (1994); 500–1,000 iterations are typical values in VORTEX models (Miller & Lacy (2005).
Extinction definition	Only 1 sex remains	Following Tilson et al. (1994) and Leimgruber et al. (2008), this is the standard definition of extinction in PVA analyses; two levels of quasi-extinction were also modeled, see text for further discussion.
Reproductive systems (polygynous)
Age of first offspring for females (years)	20	Following Tilson et al. (1994) who argue that females tend to breed later in rainforest areas compared to the more open areas of southern India.
Age of first offspring for males (years)	20	Following Tilson et al. (1994).
Maximum age of reproduction (years)	60	Following Tilson et al. (1994), Sukumar (2003), and Leimgruber et al. (2008).
Maximum number of progeny per year	1	Following Tilson et al. (1994), Sukumar (2003), and Leimgruber et al. (2008).
Sex ratio at birth	1:1	Following Tilson et al. (1994) and Leimgruber et al. (2008).
Density-dependent reproduction	No	Following Tilson et al. (1994) and Leimgruber et al. (2008).
Reproductive rates
offspring/mature female/year	0.18	Following Tilson et al. (1994) and Leimgruber et al. (2008).
Environmental variation in breeding	3.20%	Approximately 20% of the mean value following Tilson et al. (1994) and Leimgruber et al. (2008).
Mortality rates for females
0–1 years	15.00%	Following Tilson et al. (1994), Sukumar (2003), and Leimgruber et al. (2008).
>1–5	4.00%	Following Tilson et al. (1994) and Leimgruber et al. (2008).
>5–15	2.00%	Following Tilson et al. (1994) and Leimgruber et al. (2008).
>15	2.50%	Following Tilson et al. (1994) and Leimgruber et al. (2008).
Mortality rates for males
0–1	15.00%	Following Tilson et al. (1994), Sukumar (2003), and Leimgruber et al. (2008).
>1–5	5.00%	Following Tilson et al. (1994) and Leimgruber et al. (2008).
>5–15	3.00%	Following Sukumar (2003) and Leimgruber et al. (2008).
>15	3.00%	Following Sukumar (2003) and Leimgruber et al. (2008).
Mate monopolization
Percent males in breeding pool	80%	Following Tilson et al. (1994) and Leimgruber et al. (2008).
Initial population
Start with age distribution	Stable	Following Tilson et al. (1994) and Leimgruber et al. (2008); also see Table 3
Initial population size	135	This study.
Carrying capacity
Carrying capacity (K)	250	Calculate from area of ERL using 0.1 elephant/sq km after Sukumar (2003).
SD in K due to environmental variation	5	Following Leimgruber et al. (2008).
Trend in K?	No	Following Leimgruber et al. (2008) and most of the Tilson et al. (1994) scenarios; see text for further justification.
Inbreeding depression
Lethal equivalents	3.14	Following Tilson et al. (1994) and Miller & Lacy (2005); the value is the mean for 40 mammalian species.
Percent due to recessive lethals	50	Following Tilson et al. (1994) and Miller & Lacy (2005); the value is the mean for 40 mammalian species.