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| Transformation method | Plant | Microalgae | Bacteria | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer | • | • | (14–16) | |
| Biolistic method/ Gene gun | • | • | (17–19) | |
| Electroporation | • | • | • | (20–23) |
| Glass beads | • | (24,25) | ||
| Electrospray | • | (26) | ||
| Heat-shock method | • | (90) |
