Grandahl 2016.
Methods | Cluster randomised trial conducted in Sweden | |
Participants |
Participants: 16‐year old girls and boys Number per group: 390 students from 60 classes in intervention group and 351 students from 53 classes in a control group. Total number enrolled: 741 adolescents Study population: Swedish upper secondary school adolescents aged 16–19 years |
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Interventions |
Intervention: face‐to‐face health education Description: face‐to‐face structured information about HPV, including cancer risks and HPV prevention, by propagating condom use and HPV vaccination. Duration: 30 minutes Comparison: usual practice Description of comparison: general information, including sexual health Vaccine target: HPV vaccine Disease targeted: cervical cancer Number of doses: not specified |
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Outcomes | HPV vaccine uptake | |
Notes | ||
Risk of bias | ||
Bias | Authors' judgement | Support for judgement |
Random sequence generation (selection bias) | Low risk | Randomisation was performed in 2 steps. First, in order to avoid contamination, the schools were randomised into either the intervention group or the control group. Second, 113 school classes within these schools were randomly selected to be included in the study. |
Allocation concealment (selection bias) | Low risk | Schools were randomly drawn by administrative personnel not involved in the project. |
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes | Low risk | The outcome is an objective measure. |
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes | Low risk | Research assistant who recorded the data from the participants did not possess this knowledge. |
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes | Low risk | No loss to follow‐up. |
Selective reporting (reporting bias) | Low risk | Due to the self‐reported questionnaires, there was a risk of participants' over‐reporting or under‐reporting or having recall bias; however, we consider this risk to be small in this study. |
Other bias | Low risk | No evidence of other biases. |