Comparison 1. Heel lance ‐ paracetamol (oral) vs sterile water (oral).

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 PIPP score (difference between baseline and heel lance period)	1	72	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.40 [‐0.45, 3.25]
2 PIPP score (maximum score within 3 minutes following lancing)	1	38	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.48 [‐0.11, 3.07]
3 NIPS score (maximum score within 3 minutes following lancing)	1	38	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.85 [‐0.14, 1.84]
4 Duration of crying (seconds) during the first 3 minutes	1	72	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	8.10 [‐19.09, 35.29]
5 Difference in SpO2 between baseline and heel lance period (%)	1	72	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.60 [‐0.58, 5.78]
6 Difference in heart rate (beats/min) between baseline and heel lance period	1	72	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.90 [‐4.74, 8.54]