Table 3.

Logistic Regressions Predicting Parent/Perpetrator CPS Involvement by Age 25 (parent sample).

	Model 1:		Model 2:		Model 3:		Model 4:		Model 5:
	Any PP-CPS^a,b,c		Parent Perpetrator^b,c		Resident Parent, Non-Perpetrator^b		Non-resident Parent, Non-Perpetrator^a,b		Non-biological parent, Perpetrator^a
	b(SE)	AOR	b(SE)	AOR	b(SE)	AOR	b(SE)	AOR	b(SE)	AOR
Panel 1. Fathers (n = 5886)
Sample Group (reference = SNAP)
CPSV	0.411 (0.080)	1.508^***	0.301 (0.097)	1.351^**	0.404 (0.161)	1.498^*	0.380 (0.111)	1.462^***	0.526 (0.126)	1.692^***
OHC	0.917 (0.100)	2.503^***	0.495 (0.179)	1.641^**	0.335 (0.273)	1.398	0.743 (0.136)	2.102^***	0.950 (0.128)	2.587^***
Age at first child (reference < 18)
Age 18–19	−0.474 (0.056)	0.622^***	−0.105 (0.117)	0.900	−0.539 (0.141)	0.584^***	−0.622 (0.050)	0.537^***	0.200 (0.149)	1.222
Age 20–24	−1.311 (0.055)	0.270^***	−0.837 (0.114)	0.433^***	−1.392 (0.143)	0.249^***	−1.604 (0.063)	0.201^***	0.093 (0.145)	1.097
Race/Ethnicity (reference = White non-Hispanic)
Black non-Hispanic	−0.055 (0.109)	0.947	−0.193 (0.128)	0.825	−0.818 (0.151)	0.441^***	0.154 (0.078)	1.167^*	−0.254 (0.162)	0.776
Hispanic (any race)	−0.472 (0.104)	0.624^***	−0.221 (0.208)	0.802	−0.605 (0.145)	0.546^***	−0.460 (0.116)	0.631^***	−0.310 (0.236)	0.733
Asian	−1.305 (0.219)	0.271^***	−0.418 (0.231)	0.658	−0.579 (0.357)	0.560	−1.915 (0.450)	0.147^***	−1.102 (0.399)	0.332^**
American Indian	0.106 (0.200)	1.111	0.103 (0.234)	1.108	0.130 (0.474)	1.139	0.001 (0.192)	1.001	−0.355 (0.347)	0.701
Multiracial	0.230 (0.155)	1.258	0.052 (0.243)	1.054	−0.005 (0.322)	0.995	0.240 (0.099)	1.271^*	−0.085 (0.254)	0.919
Received SSI as child	0.416 (0.066)	1.516^***	0.334 (0.126)	1.397^**	0.090 (0.182)	1.095	0.293 (0.089)	1.341^**	0.236 (0.123)	1.266
Born 1991 (reference = 1990)	0.097 (0.080)	1.102	0.151 (0.074)	1.163^*	0.234 (0.153)	1.263	0.057 (0.089)	1.059	0.079 (0.077)	1.082
Prop. Months on SNAP, age 0–13	0.007 (0.089)	1.007	−0.315 (0.252)	0.730	0.256 (0.210)	1.291	0.252 (0.103)	1.287^*	−0.128 (0.159)	0.880
Constant	0.112 (0.675)		−2.660 (0.796)		−1.968 (0.796)		−0.675 (0.558)		−3.035 (0.848)
*Panel 1. Mothers (n = 10,140)*
Sample Group (reference = SNAP)
CPSV	0.633 (0.096)	1.882^***	0.612 (0.061)	1.843^***	0.476 (0.156)	1.610^**	0.711 (0.285)	2.036^*	0.621 (0.119)	1.862^***
OHC	1.271 (0.069)	3.565^***	1.361 (0.073)	3.899^***	0.918 (0.108)	2.505^***	1.301 (0.369)	3.671^***	0.939 (0.171)	2.556^***
Age at first child (reference < 18)
Age 18–19	−0.515 (0.049)	0.598^***	−0.516 (0.046)	0.597^***	−0.442 (0.065)	0.643^***	−0.688 (0.122)	0.502^***	0.109 (0.125)	1.115
Age 20–24	−1.466 (0.049)	0.231^***	−1.441 (0.058)	0.237^***	−1.629 (0.092)	0.196^***	−2.032 (0.197)	0.131^***	−0.038 (0.138)	0.962
Race/Ethnicity (reference = White non-Hispanic)
Black non-Hispanic	−0.266 (0.058)	0.766^***	−0.263 (0.078)	0.768^***	−0.420 (0.078)	0.657^***	−0.560 (0.245)	0.571^*	−0.465 (0.149)	0.628^**
Hispanic (any race)	−0.461 (0.064)	0.631^***	−0.523 (0.103)	0.593^***	−0.179 (0.093)	0.836	−0.467 (0.226)	0.627^*	−0.643 (0.284)	0.526^*
Asian	−1.552 (0.179)	0.212^***	−1.832 (0.201)	0.160^***	−1.068 (0.244)	0.344^***	−2.451 (0.948)	0.086^**	−1.187 (0.577)	0.305^*
American Indian	0.208 (0.112)	1.231	0.209 (0.153)	1.233	0.165 (0.141)	1.180	0.169 (0.396)	1.184	0.142 (0.297)	1.153
Multiracial	0.272 (0.135)	1.313^*	0.200 (0.133)	1.222	0.354 (0.131)	1.425^**	−0.716 (0.370)	0.489	0.429 (0.214)	1.536^*
Received SSI as child	0.729 (0.060)	2.073^***	0.753 (0.048)	2.123^***	0.474 (0.111)	1.607^***	0.210 (0.269)	1.233	0.835 (0.172)	2.305^***
Born 1991 (reference = 1990)	0.049 (0.033)	1.050	0.068 (0.039)	1.070	0.061 (0.068)	1.063	0.243 (0.101)	1.275^*	−0.016 (0.103)	0.984
Prop. Months on SNAP, age 0–13	0.298 (0.093)	1.347^**	0.324 (0.084)	1.383^***	0.207 (0.204)	1.230	0.474 (0.190)	1.606^*	0.290 (0.198)	1.336
Constant	−1.001 (0.233)		−1.359 (0.259)		−1.924 (0.349)		−4.480 (1.020)		−4.172 (0.792)

Note: AOR = adjusted odds ratio. SNAP = low-income sample without CPSV or OHC involvement; CPSV = Child Protective Services Sample; OHC = out-of-home care sample. Sample designations based on program participation at ages 14–17 and are mutually exclusive. SSI = Supplemental Security Income, an means tested income support program for low-income children and adults with disabilities.

p < .05

^**

p < .01

^***

p < .001.

Coefficients for CPSV and OHC in Panel 1 significantly different at p < .01.

Coefficients for a. CPSV and OHC in Panel 2 significantly different at p < .01.

Coefficients for OHC significantly different in Panel 1 vs. Panel 2, p < .01.