Photostimulation of ChR2 in β-End terminals in the MPN internalizes the MOR. Photostimulation induced the internalization of MOR within cells in the MPN. A, A one-way ANOVA indicated that there was a significant difference in receptor internalization between groups (F(2,11) = 5.15, p = 0.03, r
2 = 0.48). Tukey’s multiple comparisons test indicated that mice with ChR2 in β-End terminals in the MPN showed a greater percentage of the area of the image covered by MOR-ir (mean, 8.7 ± 1.8%) as compared to both mice that received the control AAV (mean, 4.3 ± 0.4%; *p = 0.05) and those with ChR2 but incorrect fiber optic placement (mean, 3.7 ± 0.4%, **p = 0.04). Images show DAPI (blue) and MOR (green) in a representative cell from group 1 (B) and group 2 (C). Scale bar = 2 µm. All values expressed as mean ± SEM.