Table 1.
Studies comparing PA breaks with sitting
| Study | Participants | Protocol | Outcomes | Results (please see table footnotes for interpretation of results) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altenburg et al. [67] | 5 M 6 W (median, 25%tile–75%tile); age: 21.4 y (19.5–23.1); BMI: 23.2 kg/m2; PA/SB unmentioned | SIT: 1 h baseline + 7 h sitting; INT: sitting (372 min) + 8 min cycling @ 40–60% (52 ± 3.2%) HRR, RPE: 11.2 ± 1.6, hourly (6 × 8) (1st session @ 0 h + 1) | Capillary @ baseline, hourly before exercise: C-peptide, glucose, TAG, HDL-C, LDL-C, TC | C-peptide: INT < SIT; TAG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, glucose: ↔ |
| Bailey and Locke [68] | 7 M 3 W (mean ± SE); age: 24 ± 3 y; BMI: 26.5 kg/m2 ± 4.3; healthy, PA unmentioned | SIT: sitting 5 h; STAND: sitting (272 min) +2 min standing every 30 min; WALK: sitting (272 min) +2 min walking (3.2 km/h) every 30 min |
Capillary: baseline, hourly, before exercise: glucose, BP baseline and 5 h for TAG, HDL-C, TC |
Glucose: WALK < STAND and SIT |
| Bailey et al. [13] | Healthy 6 M 7 W (mean ± SD); age: 26.6 ± 8 y, < 150 min/w MVPA), not in non-sedentary job; BF: 24.4% ± 8.2% | SIT: sitting 5 h; LIGHT: sitting (272 min) +2 min walking (3.2 km/h) every 30 min; MOD: sitting (272 min) +2 min walking (5.8–7.9 km/h) every 30 min | Cannula: − 1 h, 0 h, hourly, before exercise: subjective appetite, acylated ghrelin, peptide YY, insulin, glucose | a; Glucose iAUC: men < women in CON; in men, glucose iAUC: MOD < LIGHT, MOD < CON |
| Bailey et al. [63] | 14 M (mean ± SD); age: 22.1 ± 1.2 y, BMI: 25.0 ± 3.1 kg/m2, BF: 17.2 ± 5.5% | SIT + HIGH GI: high GI breakfast + 4 h sitting; SIT + LOW GI: low GI breakfast + 4 h sitting; INT + HIGH GI: high GI breakfast + 2 min walking/20 min (6.5–8.0 km/h, RPE: 12–14); INT + low GI breakfast: high GI breakfast + 2 min moderate walking/20 min (6.5 to 8.0 km/h, RPE: 12–14) | Capillary for glucose: − 15 min, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 min for glucose; venous: 60 min 120, 180, 240 min for insulin | a |
| Bhammar et al. [69] | 5 M 5 W (mean ± SD); age: M: 31 ± 5 y W: 32 ± 6 y; BMI: M: 30.1 ± 2.3 kg/m2, W: 30.5 ± 6.6 kg/m2; VO2max: M: 34.9 ± 4.0 ml/kg/min, W: 22.8 ± 2.7 ml/kg/min | SIT: 9 h sitting; 2 minMod20: 2min walking at 53 ± 5% HRmax/3 miles/h every 20 min, total 42 min, 240 kcal. 2 minVig60: 2min walking at 79 ± 4% HRmax every hour, total 16 min, 140 kcal; EX: 30 min walking at 71 ± 4% HRmax/56% VO2max/3.3 miles/h, 230 kcal | CGMS. ABP, MAP | a, Systolic ABP, MAP: EX < SIT |
| Blankenship et al. [70] | 2 M 8 W (mean ± SE); age: 51.9 ± 15.4 y; BMI: 31.6 ± 10.0 kg/m2, BF: 42.6 ± 3.3% | EX: 30 min brisk walking, ~ 300 kcal before lunch. FLB: isoenergetic with EX, bouts of sitting ≤ 20 min; FSB: bouts of sitting ≤ 20 min, same number of breaks as FLB but time walking standing reduced to minimise EE | CGMS, catheter for blood, after MMTT at end of day, @ 30, 60, 90, 120 min, for glucose, insulin | Post-prandial glucose and insulin AUC: ↔ between conditions; glycaemic variability: FLB < EX; nocturnal hyperglycaemia: FLB < EX and FSB |
| Brocklebank et al. [71] | 8 M 9 W (mean ± SD); age: 52.4 ± 5.1 y; BMI: 28.0 ± 4.5 kg/m2; 8 active, 9 inactive | SIT: 5 h sitting; WALK: 2 min corridor walking @ RPE 9 every 20 min, total 28 min | CGMS | a |
| Champion et al. [72] | 12 M 12 W (mean ± SD); age: M: 32.0 ± 10.5 y, W: 39.5 ± 10.3 y; BMI: M: 26.6 ± 4.5 kg/m2, W: 24.8 ± 5.13 kg/m2; sitting time: M: 9.4 ± 2.4 h,W: 9.2 ± 2.4 h | SIT: 6 h 30 min sitting; INT: 20 min walking at 20 min, 80 min, 140 min, 200 min, 260 min, 320 min, self-selected @ 1.2–3.5 km/h, RPE 6–9 | Capillary: 0 h, 45 min, 105 min, 165 min, 225 min, 285 min, 345 min, 390 min; SBP, DBP | a; SBP, DBP: INT < SIT |
| Chen et al. [73] | 7 M 4 W (mean ± SD); age: 50 ± 5 y; BMI: 32.5 ± 6.7 kg/m2;bodyfat %: 35 ± 6% | SIT: 315 min sitting; INT, 2 min walking @ 6.4 km/h every 20 min over 315 min, 30 min total | Cannula: 0 h, hourly, and every 15 min after each meal (meal @ 0 h and 180 min), for TAG, glucose, insulin | a |
| Crespo et al. [14] | 2 M 7 W (mean ± SD); age: 30 ± 15 y; BMI: 29 ± 3 kg/m2; 2 participants impaired fasting glucose (5.6–6.9 mmol·L−1), 7 prehypertensive (> 120 mmHg SBP or > 80 mmHg DBP; < 150 min/w MVPA | SIT: 8 h sitting, restroom @ 0850 h, between 1000 and 1030 h, lunch (1200–1230 h), and between 1400 and 1500 h, replicated in all conditions; Stand: 2.5 h total standing time, stand 10 min at 0850 and 0950 h, 15 min at 1045 and 1145 h, 20 min at 1240 and 1320 h, and 30 min at 1400 and 1530 h; Walk: walk @ 1mph, same frequency and duration as Stand; Cycle: ~ 20 W, 25–30 RPM, same frequency, duration as Stand | 24 h CGMS, HR, activPAL | 24 h glucose: Stand, Walk, Cycle < Sit, Cycle < Walk < Stand; mean glucose LAB: Cycle < Stand, EVE: Cycle < Stand and Walk, Sleep: Cycle < Sit, Stand, Walk; 6 h postprandial glucose: Cycle, Walk, Stand < Sit; Cycle < Walk < Stand; cumulative 6 h iAUC: Cycle and Walk < Sit, Cycle < Stand |
| Dempsey et al. (2016, 2017) [15, 47] | T2D (ADA criteria) 14 M 10 W (mean ± SE); age: 62 ± 6 y, BMI: 33.0 ± 3.4 kg/m2, ≥ 25 < 40 kg/m2;); inactive (sitting ≥ 5 h/d OR < 150 min MVPA/w for 3 months) | SIT: 7 h sitting; WALK: sitting + 3 min walking (3.2 km/h) every 30 min (12 × 3), except during lunch; SRA: sitting + 3 min calisthenics/30 min, 12 × 3 (each 3 min divided into 9 20 s segments, alternating halfsquats, calf raises, gluteal contractions, knee raises); RPE intensity (9 ± 0.3 (7–12) and 10 ± 0.3 (7–13), and HR (mean differences for HR for LW and SRA: 17 ± 1.2 bpm (8–31) and 19 ± 1.0 bpm (10–30) | Cannula: − 1 h, 0 h, then @ 30 min intervals, immediately prior to activity, for glucose, insulin, TAG, c-peptides; CGMS | Glucose: 18 h iAUC: a, greater decrease for women than men for WALK and RA vs SIT; insulin: a; c-peptide: WALK < SIT, SRA < SIT; TAG: SRA < SIT, SRA < WALK; EE: SRA increase of 121 ± 7% vs sitting, LW increase of 73 ± 5% vs sitting; SRA increase of 0.58 ± 0.06 kcal · min−1 vs LW |
| Di Pietro [12] | 10 (mean ± SD); age: 69 ± 6 y; BMI: BMI 30 ± 5 kg/m2; impaired fasting glucose | INT: D1: inactive; D2: treadmill walking 3 × 15 min 3 METS postmeals; EXam: D1: inactive; D2: 45 min walking @ 3 METs @ 10.30am; EXpm: D1: inactive; D2: 45 min walking @ 3 METs @ 430 pm | CGMS, glucose; insulin only on sitting days | Glucose: INT: d2 < d1; EXAM: d2 < d1; EXPM: ↔ |
| Dunstan et al. [46] | 11 M 8 W (mean ± SD); age: 53.8 y ± 4.9 y; BMI: 31.2 kg/m2 ± 4.1; self-reported sedentary (sitting time > 5 h/d), < 150 min MVPA/w | SIT: sitting 7 h; LIGHT: sitting (402 min) + 2 min walking (3.2 km/h) every 20 min for 5 h; MOD: sitting (402 min) + 2 min MVPA walking (5.8–6.4 km/h) (RPE: 12–14) every 20 min | Catheter: − 2 h, − 1 h, 0 h, then hourly, before activity for glucose, insulin | a |
| Duvivier et al. [74] | 2 M 16 W (mean ± SD); age: 21 ± 2 y; BMI: 22.6 ± 3.6 kg/m2; FPG: 4.61 ± 0.31 mmol/L | Over 4 days; SIT: 14 h sitting + 1 h walking + 1 h standing; EX: 13 h sitting + 1 h walking + 1 h standing + 1 h MVPA cycling; INT: 8 h sitting + 5 h walking + 3 h standing | Next day (day 5) fasting glucose, insulin, TAG, HDL-C, non-HDL-C, LDL-C, Apo-A, Apo-B; next day OGTT for IS | Glucose AUC/fasting: ↔; Insulin AUC: INT < SIT, INT < EX; fasting TAG: INT < SIT; fasting non-HDL-C: INT < SIT; Apo B: INT < SIT |
| Duvivier et al. [75] | 13 M 6 W; (mean ± SD;)age: 63 ± 9 y, T2D (not on insulin), BMI: 30.5 ± 3.3 kg/m2, self-report MVPA: < 2.5 h/w, FPG: < 11 mmol/L | Over 4 days; SIT: 14 h sitting + 1 h walking + 1 h standing; EX: 13 h sitting + 1 h walking + 1 h standing + 1 h MVPA cycling (3 × 20 min bouts, 5 min rest between bouts); INT: 9 h sitting + 3 h walking + 4 h standing, after every 30 min sitting | Next day (day 5) 24 h CGM glucose; next day glucose, insulin fasting TAG, HDL-C, non-HDL-C, LDL-C, Apo-A, Apo-B | 24 h iAUC GLUC: INT < SIT; Insulin: INT < SIT; HOMA2-IR: INT < SIT and EX; TG: INT and EX < SIT; C-peptide: INT < SIT; NEFA: SIT < INT and EX |
| Duvivier et al. [76] | 13 M 11 W (mean ± SD); age: 64 ± 7 y, BMI: 29 ± 2 kg/m2, self-report MVPA: < 2.5 h/w, FPG: < 6.9 mmol/L | Over 4 days; SIT: walking and standing < 1 h/d; SitLess: ≥ 4 h/d of self-perceived light intensity walking, ≥ 3 h/d of standing, interrupt sitting every 30 min with standing/walking bouts | OGTT, catheter: 0 h, 15 min, 30 min, 45 min, 60 min, 90 min, 120 min, 190 min, for glucose, insulin, c-peptide, AG, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, non-HDL-C, FFA, APo A-I, Apo B-100 |
Glucose AUC/fasting: ↔; insulin AUC/fasting: SitLess < SIT; c-peptide: AUC/fasting: SitLess < SIT; Apo B-100: SitLess < SIT; DBP: SitLess < SIT |
| Engeroff et al. [77] | Healthy, 18 W (mean ± SD); age: 25.6 ± 2.6 y, BMI: 21.5 ± 2.0 kg/m2VO2max: 41.3 ± 4.2 ml/kg/min; PA unreported | SIT: 4 h sitting; EX: 30 min cycling @ 70% VO2 max + 4 h sitting; INT: (40 min sitting + 6 min cycling @ 70% VO2max + 40 min sitting | Venous TAG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, baseline, post 240 min | TAG: ↔ between conditions, overall time effect, ↑ for INT, SIT; TC: INT < EX; HDL-C: INT < EX, INT < SIT; LDL-C: ↔, ↑ for INT |
| Hansen et al. [16] | 6 M 8 W (mean, 95%CI): age: 22 y (20–23); BMI: 23.0 kg/m2 (21.6–24.4); VO2max: 38.9 ml/min/kg (34.6–43.2); physically active (measured via IPAQ): 1895 MET min/W (44–3747) sedentary time: 429 (312–546) | SIT: 2.5 h sitting; INT: 2.5 h sitting interrupted with 2 min low intensity walking every 20 min (7 × 2) | Capillary: twice @ baseline, every 10 min for next 2.5 h, for glucose | ↔ |
| Hawari et al. [78] | 11 M 3 W (mean ± SD); age: 37 ± 16 y, BMI: 30.5 ± 3.8 kg/m2 | SIT: 390 min sitting; INT: 390 min sitting + 10 chair squats every 20 min over a 3 s period | Cannula: 0 h, 30 min, 60 min, 120 min, 180 min, 210 min, 240 min, 270 min, 330 min, 390 min, for glucose, insulin, TAG | a, Insulin: INT < SIT |
| Henson et al. [17] | 22 W (mean ± SD); age: 66.6 ± 4.7 y; BMI: 32.9 ± 4.7 kg/m2; post-menopausal (> 12 m); dysglycaemic IGT (≥ 7.8 mmol/L < 11.1 mmol/L OGTT); sedentary (objectively measured < 150 min/w MVPA) | SIT: D1: 7.5 h sitting, D2: 7.5 h sitting; STAND: 6.5 sitting +5 min standing every 30 min (12 × 5) on D1, + D2 sitting; WALK: 6.5 sitting + 5 min walking, self-selected light intensity (10–12 RPE, < 4 km/h) (12 × 5) + D2 sitting |
Cannula: − 1 h, 0 h, post-breakfast and lunch: 30 min, 60 min, 120 min, 180 min, for Glucose, TAG, NEFA |
a, Glucose: STAND < SIT; NEFA: WALK > SIT, STAND > SIT |
| Holmstrup et al. [60] | Obese, IFG, 8 M 3 W(mean ± SE); age: 25 ± 2.6 y, BMI: 34 kg/m2, Men VO2max: 32.6 ± 2.5 ml/kg/min, Women VO2max: 25.5 ± 1.8 ml/kg/min; light/moderate walking ≤ 5 × /w (questionnaire) | SIT: sitting: 12 h; EX: 1 h treadmill running @ 60–65% VO2peak, after baseline blood draw and 1st meal, sitting 11 h; INT 12 × 5 mins of treadmill running @ 60–65% VO2peak every 1 h, 1st bout after baseline blood draw and 1st meal | Catheter, baseline, every 10 min over 12 h, for glucose, insulin, c-peptides | a; C-peptide: EX < SIT and INT during exercise, 2 h iAUC: EX and INT < SIT |
| Homer et al. [65] | 11 M, 25 W (mean ± SD); age: 25 (range: 19–34); BMI: 23.78 ± 4.01 kg/m2, VO2max: 36.19 ± mL/kg/min; Sedentary, < 150 min MVPA/w | SIT: D1: 7 h sitting, D2: 5 h sitting; EX: D1: 6 h 30 min sitting + 30 min walking @ 60% VO2max, D2: 5 h sitting; INT: D1 and D2: sitting + 2 min walking @ 60% VO2max every 30 min; EX + INT: D1 and D2: sitting + 2 min walking @ 60% VO2max every 30 min + 30 min walking @ 60% on D1 | Cannula: D1: 0 h. D2: hourly + 30 min and 45 min post-meal, for TAG, glucose, insulin, NEFA | a; NEFA: ↔ |
| Honda et al. [18] | 13 M 3 W (mean ± SE); age: 65.4 ± 1.1 y, BMI: 23.6 ± 0.7 kg/m2, T2D | SIT: 180 min sitting; INT: 180 min sitting + 3 min stair climbing (21 steps × 6 times up and down, 80–110 steps/min) at 60 min and 120 min | Capillary: 0 min, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 for glucose, C peptide, NEFA, lactate | Glucose: INT < CON; C-peptide: ↔; NEFA: ↔ |
| Kashiwabara et al. [64] | 12 W (mean ± SD); age: 70.5 ± 4.6 y; BMI: 25.3 ± 3.5 kg/m2; BP: 144 ± 19 mmHG; DBP: 85 ± 11 mmHG; inactive, < 150 min MVPA/w | SIT: 8 h sitting; INT: sitting + 1.5 min walking every 15 min @ 3.6 km/h, RPE: 11 @ 1 h, 1 h 15 min, 1 h 30 min, 1 h 45 min, 2 h 15 min, 2 h 30 min, 2 h 45 min, 4 h 15 min, 4 h 30 min, 4 h 45 min, 5 h, 5 h 15 min, 5 h 30 min, 5 h 45 min, 6 h 15 min, 6 h 30 min, 6 h 45 min, 7 h, 7 h 15 min, 7 h 30 min | Venepuncture: 0 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, for glucose, insulin, TAG, NEFA, APoB-48, ApoB-100, LPL | a; Apo B-48, Apo B-100, LPL: ↔ |
| Kerr et al. [61] | 9 W (mean ± SD); age: 66 ± 9 y; BMI: 30.6 ± 4.2 kg/m2; SBP: 123 ± 8 mmHG; DBP: 66 ± 7 mmHG | SIT: 5 h sitting; INT: 2 min walking every hour | Cannula: − 0.5 h, 0 h, every 30 min, for glucose, insulin; HR, BP, − 1 h, 0 h, every 30 min | a, SBP, DBP, HR: ↔ |
| Kim et al. [45] | 9 M (mean ± SD); age: 24.0 ± 4.0 y; VO2max: 51.6 ± 6.3 mL/kg/min; BMI < 30 kg/m2, recreationally active, healthy | SIT: D1 and D2: (7000–7500 steps/day, D3: 9 h sitting (< 2000 steps, 0900–1800), D4: HFTT; MOD: D1, D2, D4: same as SIT, D3: sitting +1 h running @ 65% VO2max 3. INT: sitting + isoenergetic (with condition 2) intermittent walking, every hour, 9 sessions, 1st session 30 min, last session 60 min, 7 other sessions 17.8 ± 4.0 min) @ 25% VO2max (total time: 214.5 min ± 28.0) | D4 fasting and postprandial FFA, TAG, glucose, insulin, indirect calorimetry for postprandial substrate oxidisation | a; FFA: MOD > INT and SIT |
| Larsen et al. [19] | 11 M 8 W (mean ± SE); age: 56.7 ± 1.5 y; BMI: 32.7 ± 1 kg/m2; Sedentary (sitting > 5 h/day, self-report, < 150 min/w MVPA) | SIT: 7 h sitting; INT: sitting (402 min) + 2 min walking (3.2 km/h) every 20 min for 5 h, 3 day protocol: on D1 and D3, SIT vs INT | Cannula: − 1 h, 0 h, hourly, before exercise for glucose, insulin, TAG; model of insulin sensitivity | a |
| Maylor et al. [79] | 7 M 7 W (mean ± SD); age: 29 ± 9 y, BMI: 26.1 ± 5.8 kg/m2, VO2max: 38.6 ± 4.2 mL/kg/min; Sedentary, inactive | SIT: 8H sitting; EX: 30 min sitting + 30 min treadmill running @ 60% VO2 reserve + 7 h sitting; INT: 30 min sitting + 2 min 32 s running @ 85% VO2 reserve every 60 min, 8 bouts | Cannula: 0 h. hourly intervals, for TAG, glucose, insulin, HDL-C | a; HDL-C: INT < SIT |
| McCarthy et al. [80] | 6 M 7 W (mean ± SD); age: 66 ± 6 y; BMI: 33.8 ± 3.8;SBP: 140 ± 13 mmHG; DBP: 79 ± 9 mmHG; < 150 min MVPA/w | SIT: 7.5 h sitting; INT: 7.5 sitting + 5 min arm ergometry @ intensity similar to 3 km/h walking, total 1 h (12 ×) | Cannula: 0 h, 30 min, 60 min, 120 min, 180 min, for glucose, insulin | a |
| McCarthy et al. [81] | 16 M 18 W (median ± IQR); age: M: 35 ± 17, W: 43 ± 13; BMI: M: 25.9 ± 5.1, W: 22.7 ± 4.6; VO2max: M: 50.3 ± 19.6 W: 34.0 ± 7.9; sitting: M: 547 ± 164 min, W: 595 ± 126 min | SIT: 7.5 h sitting; INT: 6.5 h sitting +5 min walking @ 3 km/h every 30 min, total 1 h | Cannula: − 1 h, 0 h, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 210 min, 4 h, 5 h, 6 h, 390 min, for glucose, insulin | a |
| Miyashita et al. [7] | 10 M (mean ± SE); age: 25.0 ± 1.3 y, BMI: 25.4 ± 1.2 kg/m2, WC: 87.2 ± 3.5 cm, BF: 9.4 ± 0.7% VO2max: 56.3 ± 1.8 mL/kg/min; Healthy, recreationally active | 1.SIT: D1: 7 h sitting, D2: 7 h sitting; 2. EX: D1: 6 h 30 min sitting + 30 min running @ 71.1 ± 2.3% VO2max; D2: 7 h sitting; 3: INT: D1: 10 × 3 min running @ 69.6 ± 1.0% VO2max between every 30 min of sitting over 7 h, D2: 7 h sitting | D2 cannula: 0 h, hourly intervals, and @ 0.5, 0.75, 3.5, 3.75 h fasting and post-prandial for TAG, glucose, insulin, NEFA, 3-OHB; | a; NEFA, 3-OHB: ↔ |
| Miyashita et al. [9] | 19 M (M ± SE); age: 22.7 ± 0.5 y, BMI: 23.8 ± 0.8 kg/m2; VO2max: 60.3 ± 2.0 mL · kg−1 · min−1 | SIT: D1: sitting, 830/900 to 1600/1700, D2: 7 h sitting; INT: day1: sitting similar to SIT + 6 min running @ 70%VO2max and 30 min rest between each running bout | D2 venous: hourly, and at 0.5 h, 0.75 h, 3.5 h, 3.75 h, for glucose, insulin, TAG, NEFA | a NEFA: INT > SIT |
| Miyashita et al. [8] | 15 M; (mean ± SE): age: 23.4 ± 0.8 y, VO2max: 56.3 ± 2.1 mL/kg/min, BMI: 23.4 ± 0.6 kg/m2, WC: 80.8 ± 2.1 cm, BF: 11.2 ± 0.9%, SBP: 114 ± 2 mm Hg, DBP: 68 ± 2 mm Hg; non-smoking, BP < 140/90 mmHg | 1. SIT: D1: 7 h sitting, D2: 7 h sitting; 2: day1: EX: 30 min walking @ 6.8 km/h ± 0.1 (42.4 ± 1.8% VO2max) after 6 h 30 min sitting, day2: 7 h sitting; 3: INT: D1: 10 × 3 min walking 6.8 km/h ± 0.1 (41.4 ± 1.8% VO2max) between every 30 min of sitting over 7 h, D2: 7 h sitting | Next day TAG, glucose, insulin; BP: day1: baseline, every 5 and 15 min post-exercise in INT, and at corresponding time points in EX and SIT, day2: baseline, hourly | a; SBP: INT > SIT and EX during intermittent walking, lower 15 min post each walking, D2: INT and EX < SIT |
| Miyashita [10] | 8 M (mean ± SE); age: 26.5 ± 1.5 y; BMI: 28.9 ± 1.4 kg/m2; SBP: 131 ± 4 DBP: 82 ± 5 mmHg | SIT: D1: 7 h sitting, day2: 6 h sitting; EX: day1: 30 min cycling @ 60% max HR after 30 min sitting, D2: 6 h sitting; 3. INT: day1: 10 × 3 min cycling @ 60% max HR, day2: 6 h sitting | Venepuncture on D2: 0 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h for TG, NEFA, 3OHB, insulin, plasma glucose | a Postprandial: TAG (tAUC): EX and INT < SIT; INT and EX tending < SIT, main effect for 3OHB, exercise trials trending higher |
| Miyashita et al. [11] | 10 M (mean ± SE); age: 24.4 ± 1.4 y, height: 176.8 ± 1.8 cm, weight: 71.2 ± 2.1 kg, BMI: 22.8 ± 0.6 kg/m2, WC: 78.0 ± 1.1 cm, bodyfat: 8.8% ± 0.7%, VO2max: 56.0 ± 4.1 ml · kg–1 · min–1 recreationally active | SIT: sitting 9 h; INT: 9 h sitting + 6 × 5 min running @ 70% VO2max, every 90 min, beginning 830am, last bout @ 4 pm | Cannula: 0 h, 1 h 30 min, 3 h, 4 h 30 min, 6 h, 7 h 30 min, 9 h for plasma TAG, glucose, insulin; serum CRP at 0 h, 9 h | a CRP: ↔ |
| Miyashita et al. [20] | Inactive, 15 W (mean ± SD); age: 68.8 ± 3.2 y, BMI: 24.0 ± 2.9 kg/m2 SBP: 135 ± 19 mm Hg DBP: 85 ± 10 mm Hg | 1. SIT: 8 h sitting; 2. EX: 1 h sitting- > 30 min walking @ 3.7 ± 1.1 km/h, RPE: 12 ± 1 (0.33 ± 0.07 MJ/30 min)- > 6 h 30 min sitting 3. INT: 1 h sitting- > 20 × 1.5 min walking every 15 min @ 3.7 ± 1.1 km/h RPE: 11 ± 1 | Venous: 0 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h for TAG, NEFA, 3-OHB, insulin, glucose | a, NEFA: ↔; 3-OHB: INT > SIT, EX |
| Peddie et al. [62] | 28 M 42 W (mean ± SD); age: (25.9 ± 5.3 y) BMI: 23.6 ± 4.0 kg/m2, questionnaire < 2.5 h/w (90 ± 42 min)PA; Healthy | 1. SIT: 9 h sitting; 2. EX: 15 min sitting + 30 min treadmill walking @60% VO2max (84.7BPM) + 8 h 15 min sitting 3. INT: 18 1min40 s (total 30 min) @ 45% VO2max (85.6BPM) walking evenly spread over 9 h, same speed and incline as EX; 1st walk 15 min after 0 h | Cannula, 16 total: baseline, hourly, and 6 additional 30 and 45 min after meals for glucose, insulin, TAG | a |
| Pulsford et al. [21] | 25 M (mean ± SD); age: 40.2 ± 12.2 y; inactive; BMI: 26.1 ± 4.1 kg/m2; BF: 26.6 ± 6% | SIT: 7 h sitting; STAND: sitting + 2 min standing every 20 min; WALK: sitting + 2 min walking (2mph) every 20 min | Cannula: − 1.5 h, OGTT @ 0 h, every 10 min for 30 min, then mixed meal @ 3 h, every 10 min for 30 min, every 30 min until 7 h for glucose, insulin, Matsuda index |
a Matsuda: WALK < SIT |
| Rodriguez-Hernandez et al. [82] | 10 W (mean ± SE); age: 36 ± 5 y; BMI: 38.0 ± 5.66 kg/m2; bodyfat %: 49.57 ± 1.38% | SIT: 4 h sitting: WALK2 min: 2 min walking every 30 min, total 16 min, between 4 h sitting; WALK5 min: 5 min walking every 30 min, total 40 min, between 4 h sitting | 4 h CGMS for glucose | a |
| Van Dijk et al. [83] |
T2D patients (ADA criteria) 20 M (mean ± SD); age: 64 ± 1 y; BMI: 29.5 ± 0.9 kg/m2, PA unreported |
SIT: 11 h? sitting; EX: sitting + breakfast + 45 min cycling @ 50% max workload capacity (EE: 350 kcal) + sitting; INT: sitting + 3 × 15 bouts of walking after each 3 meals (EE: 175 kcal) | Glucose CGMS; total 9 venous: 5 min before each meal, 90, 150 after each meal, last sample @ 1930 for glucose, insulin | Hyperglycaemia: EX < INT and SIT; a |
| Vincent et al. [84] | 6 M (mean ± SD); age: 27.0 ± 3.7 y; BMI: 24.8 ± 2.0 kg/m2 | SIT: sleep restricted: D1, D2, D3: 700–200; INT: sleep restricted: D1, D2, D3: sitting 700–200, from 1000–1700, 3 min walking @ 3.2 km/h every 30 min, 51 min total walking | CGMS | |
| Wennberg et al. [22] | 10 M 9 W (mean ± SD); age: 45–75 y, BMI: 31.5 ± 4.7 kg/m2; sitting time: 9.82 ± 2.19 h, MVPA ≤ 150 min/week | SIT: sitting 7 h; INT: sitting (402 min) + 3 min walking (3.2 km/h) every 30 min for 5 h, total 10 | CGMS for glucose, cannula for insulin, BDNF, IL6, cortisol |
a ↔ |
↔ no statistically significant difference between measures, ↑ increase; < statistically significantly less than, e.g. if Glucose: Walk < Stand and Sit, this means AUC for glucose for the WALK condition was less than the STAND condition, and also less than the SIT condition, @ at, D1 day 1, D2 day2, mean ± SD mean ± standard deviation, mean ± SE mean ± standard error, mean ± IQR mean ± interquartile range, RPE rating of perceived exertion, MET metabolic equivalents, CGMS continuous glucose monitoring system, T2D type 2 diabetes, OGTT oral glucose tolerance test, HFTT high fat tolerance test, FPG fasting plasma glucose, CVD cardiovascular disease, IFG impaired fasting glucose, GI Glycaemic Index, CRP c reactive protein, LPL lipoprotein lipase, NEFA Non-esterified fatty acids, HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low density lipoprotein cholesterol, TC total cholesterol, Apo A-I apoliprotein A-I, Apo B-48 apoliprotein B-48, Apo B-100 apolipoprotein B-100, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP dystolic blood pressure, ABP ambulatory blood pressure, HR heart rate, 3OHB beta-hydroxy-butyrate, BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor, IL6 interleukin 6, HbA1c haemoglobin A1c, M men, W women, y years old, min minute