Table 2.
Studies comparing PA breaks with 1 bout of continuous/prolonged exercise
| Study | Participants | Protocol | Outcomes | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bhammar et al. [69] | 5 M 5 W (mean ± SD); age: M: 31 ± 5 y W: 32 ± 6 y; BMI: M: 30.1 ± 2.3 kg/m2, W: 30.5 ± 6.6 kg/m2; VO2max: M: 34.9 ± 4.0 ml/kg/min, W: 22.8 ± 2.7 ml/kg/min | SIT: 9 h sitting; 2 minMod20: 2min walking at 53 ± 5% HR max/3 miles/h every 20 min, total 42 min, 240 kcal. 2 minVig60: 2min walking at 79 ± 4% HR max every hour, total 16 min, 140 kcal; EX: 30 min walking at 71 ± 4% HRmax/56% VO2max/3.3 miles/h, 230 kcal | CGMS. ABP, MAP | a, Systolic ABP, MAP: EX < SIT |
| Blankenship et al. [70] | 2 M 8 W (mean ± SE); age: 51.9 ± 15.4 y; BMI: 31.6 ± 10.0 kg/m2, BF: 42.6 ± 3.3% | EX: 30 min brisk walking, ~ 300 kcal before lunch. FLB: isoenergetic with EX, bouts of sitting ≤ 20 min; FSB: bouts of sitting ≤ 20 min, same number of breaks as FLB but time walking standing reduced to minimise EE | CGMS, catheter for blood, after MMTT at end of day, @ 30, 60, 90, 120 min, for glucose, insulin | Post-prandial glucose and insulin AUC: ↔ between conditions; glycaemic variability: FLB < EX; nocturnal hyperglycaemia: FLB < EX and FSB |
| Di Pietro [12] | 10 (mean ± SD); age: 69 ± 6 y; BMI: BMI 30 ± 5 kg/m2; impaired fasting glucose | INT: D1: inactive; D2: treadmill walking 3 × 15 min 3 METS postmeals; EXam: D1: inactive; D2: 45 min walking @ 3 METs @ 10.30 am; EXpm: D1: inactive; D2: 45 min walking @ 3 METs @ 430 pm | CGMS, glucose; insulin only on sitting days | Glucose: INT: d2 < d1; EXAM: d2 < d1; EXPM: ↔ |
| Duvivier et al. [74] | 2 M 16 W (mean ± SD); age: 21 ± 2 y; BMI: 22.6 ± 3.6 kg/m2; FPG: 4.61 ± 0.31 mmol/L | Over 4 days; SIT: 14 h sitting + 1 h walking + 1 h standing; EX: 13 h sitting + 1 h walking + 1 h standing + 1 h MVPA cycling; INT: 8 h sitting + 5 h walking + 3 h standing | Next day (day 5) fasting glucose, insulin, TAG, HDL-C, non-HDL-C, LDL-C, Apo-A, Apo-B; next day OGTT for IS | Glucose AUC/fasting: ↔; Insulin AUC: INT < SIT, INT < EX; fasting TAG: INT < SIT; fasting non-HDL-C: INT < SIT; Apo B: INT < SIT |
| Duvivier et al. [75] | 13 M 6 W; (mean ± SD;)age: 63 ± 9 y, T2D (not on insulin), BMI: 30.5 ± 3.3 kg/m2, self-report MVPA: < 2.5 h/w, FPG: < 11 mmol/L | Over 4 days; SIT: 14 h sitting + 1 h walking + 1 h standing; EX: 13 h sitting + 1 h walking + 1 h standing + 1 h MVPA cycling (3 × 20 min bouts, 5 min rest between bouts); INT: 9 h sitting + 3 h walking + 4 h standing, after every 30 min sitting | Next day (day 5) 24 h CGM glucose; next day glucose, insulin fasting TAG, HDL-C, non-HDL-C, LDL-C, Apo-A, Apo-B | 24 h iAUC GLUC: INT < SIT; Insulin: INT < SIT; HOMA2-IR: INT < SIT and EX; TG: INT and EX < SIT; C-peptide: INT < SIT; NEFA: SIT < INT and EX |
| Engeroff et al. [77] | Healthy, 18 W (mean ± SD); age: 25.6 ± 2.6 y, BMI: 21.5 ± 2.0 kg/m2VO2max: 41.3 ± 4.2 ml/kg/min; PA unreported | SIT: 4 h sitting; EX: 30 min cycling @ 70% VO2 max + 4 h sitting; INT: (40 min sitting + 6 min cycling @ 70% VO2max + 40 min sitting | Venous TAG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, baseline, post 240 min | TAG: ↔ between conditions, overall time effect, ↑ for INT, SIT; TC: INT < EX; HDL-C: INT < EX, INT < SIT; LDL-C: ↔, ↑ for INT |
| Holmstrup et al. [60] | Obese, IFG, 8 M 3 W(mean ± SE); age: 25 ± 2.6 y, BMI: 34 kg/m2, Men VO2max: 32.6 ± 2.5 ml/kg/min, Women VO2max: 25.5 ± 1.8 ml/kg/min; light/moderate walking ≤ 5 × /w (questionnaire) | SIT: sitting: 12 h; EX: 1 h treadmill running @ 60–65% VO2peak, after baseline blood draw and 1st meal, sitting 11 h; INT 12 × 5 mins of treadmill running @ 60–65% VO2peak every 1 h, 1st bout after baseline blood draw and 1st meal | Catheter, baseline, every 10 min over 12 h, for glucose, insulin, c-peptides | a; C-peptide: EX < SIT and INT during exercise, 2 h iAUC: EX and INT < SIT |
| Homer et al. [65] | 11 M, 25 W (mean ± SD); age: 25 (19–34); BMI: 23.78 ± 4.01 kg/m2, VO2max: 36.19 ± mL/kg/min; Sedentary, < 150 min MVPA/w | SIT: D1: 7 h sitting, D2: 5 h sitting; EX: D1: 6 h 30 min sitting + 30 min walking @ 60% VO2max, D2: 5 h sitting; INT: D1 and D2: sitting + 2 min walking @ 60% VO2max every 30 min; EX + INT: D1 and D2: sitting + 2 min walking @ 60% VO2max every 30 min + 30 min walking @ 60% on D1 | Cannula: D1: 0 h. D2: hourly + 30 min and 45 min post-meal, for TAG, glucose, insulin, NEFA | a; NEFA: ↔ |
| Kashiwabara et al. [64] | 12 W (mean ± SD); age: 70.5 ± 4.6 y; BMI: 25.3 ± 3.5 kg/m2; BP: 144 ± 19 mmHG; DBP: 85 ± 11 mmHG; inactive, < 150 min MVPA/w | SIT: 8 h sitting; INT: sitting + 1.5 min walking every 15 min @ 3.6 km/h, RPE: 11 @ 1 h, 1 h 15 min, 1 h 30 min, 1 h 45 min, 2 h 15 min, 2 h 30 min, 2 h 45 min, 4 h 15 min, 4 h 30 min, 4 h 45 min, 5 h, 5 h 15 min, 5 h 30 min, 5 h 45 min, 6 h 15 min, 6 h 30 min, 6 h 45 min, 7 h, 7 h 15 min, 7 h 30 min | Venepuncture: 0 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, for glucose, insulin, TAG, NEFA, APoB-48, ApoB-100, LPL | a; Apo B-48, Apo B-100, LPL: ↔ |
| Kim et al. [45] | 9 M (mean ± SD); age: 24.0 ± 4.0 y; VO2max: 51.6 ± 6.3 mL/kg/min; BMI < 30 kg/m2, recreationally active, healthy | SIT: D1 and D2: (7000–7500 steps/day, D3: 9 h sitting (< 2000 steps, 0900–1800), D4: HFTT; MOD: D1, D2, D4: same as SIT, D3: sitting +1 h running @ 65% VO2max 3. INT: sitting + isoenergetic (with condition 2) intermittent walking, every hour, 9 sessions, 1st session 30 min, last session 60 min, 7 other sessions 17.8 ± 4.0 min) @ 25% VO2max (total time: 214.5 min ± 28.0) | D4 fasting and postprandial FFA, TAG, glucose, insulin, indirect calorimetry for postprandial substrate oxidisation | a; FFA: MOD > INT and SIT |
| Maylor et al. [79] | 7 M and7 W (mean ± SD); age: 29 ± 9 y, BMI: 26.1 ± 5.8 kg/m2, VO2max: 38.6 ± 4.2 mL/kg/min; Sedentary, inactive, | SIT: 8H sitting; EX: 30 min sitting + 30 min treadmill running @ 60% VO2 reserve + 7 h sitting; INT: 30 min sitting + 2 min 32 s running @ 85% VO2 reserve every 60 min, 8 bouts | Cannula: 0 h. hourly intervals, for TAG, glucose, insulin, HDL-C | a; HDL-C: INT < SIT |
| Miyashita et al. [7] | 10 M (mean ± SE); age: 25.0 ± 1.3 y, BMI: 25.4 ± 1.2 kg/m2, WC: 87.2 ± 3.5 cm, BF: 9.4 ± 0.7% VO2max: 56.3 ± 1.8 mL/kg/min; Healthy, recreationally active | 1.SIT: D1: 7 h sitting, D2: 7 h sitting; 2. EX: D1: 6 h 30 min sitting + 30 min running @ 71.1 ± 2.3% VO2max; D2: 7 h sitting; 3: INT: D1: 10 × 3 min running @ 69.6 ± 1.0% VO2max between every 30 min of sitting over 7 h, D2: 7 h sitting | D2 cannula: 0 h, hourly intervals, and @ 0.5, 0.75, 3.5, 3.75 h fasting and post-prandial for TAG, glucose, insulin, NEFA, 3-OHB | a; NEFA, 3-OHB: ↔ |
| Miyashita et al. [8] | 15 M; (mean ± SE): age: 23.4 ± 0.8 y, VO2max: 56.3 ± 2.1 mL/kg/min, BMI: 23.4 ± 0.6 kg/m2, WC: 80.8 ± 2.1 cm, BF: 11.2 ± 0.9%, SBP: 114 ± 2 mm Hg, DBP: 68 ± 2 mm Hg; non-smoking, BP < 140/90 mmHg, | 1. SIT: D1: 7 h sitting, D2: 7 h sitting; 2: day1: EX: 30 min walking @ 6.8 km/h ± 0.1 (42.4 ± 1.8% VO2max) after 6 h 30 min sitting, day2: 7 h sitting; 3: INT: D1: 10 × 3 min walking 6.8 km/h ± 0.1 (41.4 ± 1.8% VO2max) between every 30 min of sitting over 7 h, D2: 7 h sitting | Next day TAG, glucose, insulin; BP: day1: baseline, every 5 and 15 min post-exercise in INT, and at corresponding time points in EX and SIT, day2: baseline, hourly | a; SBP: INT > SIT and EX during intermittent walking, lower 15 min post each walking, D2: INT and EX < SIT |
| Miyashita et al. [20] | Inactive, 15 W (mean ± SD); age: 68.8 ± 3.2 y, BMI: 24.0 ± 2.9 kg/m2 SBP: 135 ± 19 mm Hg DBP: 85 ± 10 mm Hg | 1. SIT: 8 h sitting; 2. EX: 1 h sitting- > 30 min walking @ 3.7 ± 1.1 km/h RPE RPE 12 ± 1 (0.33 ± 0.07 MJ/30 min)- > 6 h 30 min sitting 3. INT: 1 h sitting- > 20 × 1.5 min walking every 15 min @ 3.7 ± 1.1 km/h RPE: 11 ± 1 | Venous: 0 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h for TAG, NEFA, 3-OHB, insulin, glucose | a, NEFA: ↔; 3-OHB: INT > SIT, EX |
| Peddie et al. [62] | 28 M 42 W (mean ± SD); age: (25.9 ± 5.3 y) BMI: 23.6 ± 4.0 kg/m2, questionnaire < 2.5 h/w (90 ± 42 min)PA; Healthy | 1. SIT: 9 h sitting; 2. EX: 15 min sitting + 30 min treadmill walking @60% VO2max (84.7BPM) + 8 h 15 min sitting 3. INT: 18 1min40 s (total 30 min) @ 45% VO2max (85.6BPM) walking evenly spread over 9 h, same speed and incline as EX; 1st walk 15 min after 0 h | Cannula, 16 total: baseline, hourly, and 6 additional 30 and 45 min after meals for glucose, insulin, TAG | a |
| Van Dijk et al. [83] |
T2D patients (ADA criteria) 20 M (mean ± SD); age: 64 ± 1 y; BMI: 29.5 ± 0.9 kg/m2, PA unreported |
SIT: 11 h? sitting; EX: sitting + breakfast + 45 min cycling @ 50% max workload capacity (EE: 350 kcal) + sitting; INT: sitting + 3 × 15 bouts of walking after each 3 meals (EE: 175 kcal) | Glucose CGMS; total 9 venous: 5 min before each meal, 90, 150 after each meal, last sample @ 1930 for glucose, insulin | Hyperglycaemia: EX < INT and SIT;a |
↔ no statistically significant difference between measures, ↑ increase; < statistically significantly less than, e.g. if Glucose: Walk < Stand and Sit, this means AUC for glucose for the WALK condition was less than the STAND condition, and also less than the SIT condition, @ at, D1 day 1, D2 day2, mean ± SD mean ± standard deviation, mean ± SE mean ± standard error, mean ± IQR mean ± interquartile range, RPE rating of perceived exertion, MET metabolic equivalents, CGMS continuous glucose monitoring system, T2D type 2 diabetes, OGTT oral glucose tolerance test, HFTT high fat tolerance test, FPG fasting plasma glucose, CVD cardiovascular disease, IFG impaired fasting glucose, GI Glycaemic Index, CRP c reactive protein, LPL lipoprotein lipase, NEFA non-esterified fatty acids, HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low density lipoprotein cholesterol, TC total cholesterol, Apo A-I apoliprotein A-I, Apo B-48 apoliprotein B-48, Apo B-100 apolipoprotein B-100, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP dystolic blood pressure, ABP ambulatory blood pressure, HR heart rate, 3OHB beta-hydroxy-butyrate, BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor, IL6 interleukin 6, HbA1c haemoglobin A1c, M men, W women, y years old, min minute