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. 2020 Jan 21;10:3038. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03038

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Copyright © 2020 Melaiu, Lucarini, Cifaldi and Fruci.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mechanisms of NK cell dysfunction in the tumor microenvironment. The tumor microenvironment inhibits NK cell function via production of soluble modulators, low nutrient levels, and hypoxic conditions that negatively regulate maturation, proliferation, activation, and effector function of NK cells. ICRs, immune-checkpoint receptors; IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; iDC, intratumoral dendritic cells; MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cells; NK, natural killer cells. The figure was performed with https://biorender.com/.

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