TABLE 1.
Summary of the ratio of mammalian X and Y spermatozoa.
| Cells | Hybridization | |||||
| References | Species (spermatozoa) | analyzed | Methods | Outcome measure | efficacy | X:Y |
| Han et al., 1993b | Human (21–45 years) | 813,066 | Multicolor FISH | Fluorescence microscopy | NM | 1.07:1 |
| Mouse (6–8 weeks) | 10,390 | 1.24: 1 | ||||
| Eisenberg et al., 2012 | Human | NM | Multicolor FISH | Epifluorescence microscopy (Zeiss Axiophot) | NM | 1:1.06 |
| Oligospermic man | 1:1.03 | |||||
| Smith et al., 2004 | Human (cryopreserved) | ∼1000 | Multicolor FISH | Epifluorescence microscopy (Zeiss Axiophot) | 99 | ∼1:1 |
| Hossain et al., 2001 | Human | 3300 | Multicolor FISH | Fluorescence microscopy | >98 | ∼1:1 |
| Recio et al., 2001 | Human (18–47 years) | 9944–10,250 | Multicolor FISH | Epifluorescence microscopy (Zeiss Axiophot) | 99 | 1:1.03 |
| Szyda et al., 2000 | Bull | 2122 | 1.15: 1 | |||
| Irving et al., 1999 | Man with only sons (>3) | NM | Multicolor FISH | Leitz Laborlux Ploemopak fluorescence microscopy | NM | 1.102:1 (NS) |
| Man with only daughters (>3) | 1:1.17 (NS) | |||||
| Hassanane et al., 1999 | Bull | >10,000 | Multicolor FISH | Fluorescence microscopy | NM | ∼1:1 |
| Chandler et al., 1998 | Bull | ∼100,000 | PCR | UV/VIS spectrophotometer | 1≠1 | |
| Halder and Tutscheck, 1998 | Human | 4506 | Multicolor FISH | Epifluorescence microscopy (Zeiss Axiophot) | 1.18:1 | |
| Samura et al., 1997 | Human | >6000 | Multicolor FISH and Percoll separation | Epifluorescence microscopy (Zeiss Axiophot) | 99.8 | ∼1:1.02 |
| Multicolor FISH and swim-up/glass wool method | ∼1:1 | |||||
| Martin et al., 1996 | Human (21–52 years) | ∼5000 | Multicolor FISH | Epifluorescence microscopy (Zeiss Axiophot) | 1.02:1 | |
| Griffin et al., 1996 | Human | >300,000 | Multicolor FISH | Epifluorescence microscopy (Zeiss Axiophot) | NM | ∼1:1 |
| Spriggs et al., 1996 | Human (27–39 years) | 50,000 | Multicolor FISH | Epifluorescence microscopy (Zeiss Axiophot) | 98 | XY |
| Chevret et al., 1995 | Human | 94,575 | Multicolor FISH and Percoll separation | Epifluorescence microscopy (Zeiss Axiophot) | NM | 1.03:1 |
| Martin et al., 1995a | Human (21–52 years) | >10,000 | Multicolor FISH | Epifluorescence microscopy (Zeiss Axiophot) | NM | 1.02:1 |
| Martin et al., 1995b | Lymphoma patient (human, 32 years) | >10,000 | Multicolor FISH | Epifluorescence microscopy (Zeiss Axiophot) | ∼1:1 | |
| Williams et al., 1993 | Human | 2544–3860 | Multicolor FISH | Epifluorescence microscopy (Zeiss Axiophot) | 99 | 1:1.01 |
| Cui and Matthews, 1993 | Human | 233 | PCR | Direct microscopy | 93.1 | 1.06:1 |
| Lobel et al., 1993 | Human | qPCR | ∼1:1 | |||
| Goldman et al., 1993 | Human | 60,000 | Multicolor FISH | ∼1:1 | ||
| Han et al., 1993a | Human | ∼1263 | Multicolor FISH | Epifluorescence microscopy (Leitz microscope) | ∼1:1 | |
| Benet et al., 1992 | Human | 505 | Leishman staining | Analyzing zona-free hamster oocytes | 1.02:1 |
FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization; NM, not mentioned; qPCR, real-time polymerase chain reaction; NS, non-significant.