TABLE 3.

Acceptability of various methods for distinguishing between X and Y spermatozoa based on the difference in their motility, swimming pattern, and DNA content.

	Sample	Enrichment		Target	Sperm
References	(spermatozoa)	techniques	Base of separation	sperm	sorted (%)	Reliability
Erickson, 1976	Human	Discontinuous albumin gradients	Y sperm has higher forward velocity than X sperm	Y	85	Unreliable
Evans et al., 1975					50	Unreliable
Ross et al., 1975					50	Unreliable
Quinlivan et al., 1982					52–74	Unreliable
Brandriff et al., 1986					50	Unreliable
Ueda and Yanagimachi, 1987					36.0–59.1	Unreliable
Iizuka et al., 1987	Human	Percoll gradients	Different motility of X and Y sperms	X	94	Unreliable
Wang et al., 1994					55.1	Unreliable
Van Kooij and Van Oost, 1992					50	Unreliable
Check et al., 1989	Human	Swim-up method	Difference in swimming pattern	X	81	Unreliable
Han et al., 1993b				X	50	Unreliable
Lobel et al., 1993				X	41.9–56.7	Unreliable
Yan et al., 2006				X and Y	50	Unreliable
Johnson et al., 1993	Human	Flow cytometry	Difference in DNA mass	X and Y	X = 80, X = 75	Reliable
Johnson, 2000	Livestock				X = 90	Reliable
Umehara et al., 2019	Mice	Swim-up method	TLR7/8 ligand activation		Y = 90 X = 81	Reliable