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. 2020 Jan 27;11:536. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-14215-w

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Fig. 1 — a difference in onshore (0–50 km) and offshore (51–150 km) temperature gradients (average of March–May) as a function of latitude off California (b) time series describing change in area of cool 12 °C water during early March and May; the long-term mean and standard deviation provides basis for assessing the relative amount of cool surface water habitat and likelihood of cool water expansion vs. habitat compression, where values above + 1 SD indicate enhanced cool ocean conditions (i.e., La Niña or strong upwelling) and below −1 SD indicate no available cool habitat (e.g., El Niño or delayed upwelling); c, d spatial depiction of the change of cool water habitat during March and May during preceding (2013) and during (2014–2016) the marine heatwave and El Niño; the thin black line represents the 12 °C contour and area represents the number of pixels with values ≤12 °C. Source data are provided within the Source Data file.