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. 2020 Jan 27;11:535. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-14019-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a, b Optical, and SEM images of the PDMS-encapsulated crack sensor and Au strain sensor integrated on a silicone rubber cantilever. c, d Change in sensor resistance ratio of the proposed crack sensor and piezo-resistive sensor as a function of displacement with the ramp of 10 µm. e The averaged gauge factor of the crack sensor at the different applied strain. c–e Error bars are mean ± s.d. (n = 5). D represents displacement.