Fig. 1. Various RYGB procedures (with regard to RL length) performed in GK rats, and measurement of the corresponding physiological parameters.

a Schematic description of the various RYGB procedures used in this study. BL, located 16 cm from the ligament of Treitz, was identical in the four surgical groups. RL (light gray), 3, 12, or 30 cm in length, is connected to the upper portion of the stomach and passes food to the CC (dark gray). GK-S-3 group (3-cm RL; very long CC), GK-S-12 group (12-cm RL), GK-S-30 group (30-cm RL; short CC), GK-S-30R group (BL and CC same as in GK-S-30, but 30 cm of RL is excised, and only 3 cm is left). b–e Physiological parameters in four RYGB groups and three control groups (GK pair-fed/sham-operated (GK-PF), untreated GK (GK), and normal Wistar). Amelioration of diabetes in the seven groups was assessed by measurement of physiological parameters. b Food intake. c Body weight. d OGTT and AUC-glucose. Glucose (2 g/kg) was administered orally. e IPGTT and AUC-glucose. Glucose (1 g/kg) was injected i.p. Rats in both d and e were fasted overnight before experiments. Data are expressed as mean ± SE. AUC was calculated by trapezoidal integration. Statistical significance of differences of means between groups was determined by ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test (n ≥ 5), with *P < 0.05; **(²*)P < 0.01; ***(³*)P < 0.001. Symbols with orange color refer to comparison with GK-Sham-PF; gray, with GK; cyan, with Wistar.