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. 2020 Jan 28;6:4. doi: 10.1038/s41421-019-0138-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Heatmap illustrating dynamics of 4942 DEGs among the three state groups (normal Wistar, diabetes-GK-PF, diabetes remission-GK-S (short for GK-S-30)). Unsupervised hierarchical clustering was performed to distinguish among physiological states. The three types of rats were distinctly clustered into three independent groups, indicating that physiological state of diabetes remission by RYGB differed strongly from both normal and diabetic states. b PCA results showing visually that the three types of rats were clustered distinctly into three independent groups, confirming similar results from hierarchical clustering. c Few overlapping DEGs in comparison with pairwise groups, with no statistical significance by the hypergeometric test (all P values are 1). d Schematic diagram illustrates four transition groups (positive, unchanged, opposite, and newly changed) of DEGs to fractionize functional roles of DEGs and clarify relationships between RYGB-associated and diabetes-associated changes at the gene expression level. S: surgery. e DEGs in the four transition groups were counted. Most of the DEGs belonged to the unchanged and newly changed groups. Positive group was out of proportion to unchanged group.