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. 2020 Jan 21;10:3102. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03102

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Copyright © 2020 Gou, Yuan, Wang, Wang, Xiao, Chen, Liu, Yin and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Influenza-S. pneumoniae co-infected pneumonia had higher cellular infiltration in IL-6^−/− mice than WT mice. (A) H&E staining of lungs during co-infection compared to naïve animals in IL-6^−/− and WT mice, n = 3/group. (B) Total protein in BALF from co-infected IL-6^−/− and WT mice, n = 5/group. (C) The cytokines (IL-10, IFN-γ, and IL-1β) in co-infected IL-6^−/− and WT mice, n = 10/group. (D) The chemokine (CCL2, KC, and IP-10) levels in co-infected IL-6^−/− and WT mice, n = 10/group. (E) Effects of IL-6 deficiency on lung inflammatory cells influx during co-infection. The total number of inflammatory cells was counted, and the total number of neutrophils and macrophages was determined, n = 8/group. All co-infected groups were established as 6 dpi (1 dpi). ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, and ^***P < 0.001.