Table 1.

Mechanical properties of different layers of skin tissue, muscle, and bone.³⁸

Mechanical properties	Symbol	Unit	Stratum corneum	Epidermis	Dermis	Subcutaneous fat	Muscle	Bone
Young’s modulus	$E$	$\mathrm{N}/{\mathrm{m}}^2$	$1.998\times {10}^9$	$1.02\times {10}^8$	$1.02\times {10}^7$	10,200	$8.88\times {10}^8$	$1.7\times {10}^{10}$
Poisson’s ratio	$N$	m/m	0.48	0.48	0.48	0.48	0.3	0.3
Density	$P$	$\mathrm{Kg}/{\mathrm{m}}^3$	1500	1119	1116	971	1200	2000