Table 5.
Odds Ratios (OR) with 95% Confidence intervals (CI) for fixed effects from multi-level multivariable logistic regression models for Campylobacter and Salmonella prevalence for sample types, 1953–2016.
| Model | Fixed effects | Campylobacter |
Salmonella |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
| All | Region | ||||
| Northern | Baseline | Baseline | |||
| Central | 9.06 | (1.92–42.70)⁎ | 6.64 | (1.37–32.24)⁎ | |
| Eastern | 1.23 | (0.61–2.46) | 1.36 | (0.91–2.05) | |
| Southern | 2.08 | (0.81–5.39) | 1.35 | (0.69–2.68) | |
| Western | 1.59 | (0.79–3.21) | 1.79 | (1.10–2.92)⁎ | |
| Sample type | |||||
| Gut | Baseline | Baseline | |||
| External | 1.77 | (1.19–2.65)⁎ | 1.77 | (1.44–2.18)⁎ | |
| Internal | 0.67 | (0.56–0.80)⁎ | 0.86 | (0.79–0.95)⁎ | |
| Species type | |||||
| Poultry | Baseline | Baseline | |||
| Pigs | 0.60 | (0.49–0.73)⁎ | 0.82 | (0.63–1.07) | |
| All other | 0.29 | (0.25–0.33)⁎ | 0.47 | (0.42–0.54)⁎ | |
| Cattle | Region | ||||
| Northern | Baseline | Baseline | |||
| Central | – | 6.53 | (0.66–64.87) | ||
| Eastern | 0.60 | (0.19–1.86) | 1.07 | (0.53–2.17) | |
| Southern | 0.96 | (0.19–4.76) | 0.57 | (0.18–1.83) | |
| Western | 1.45 | (0.42–5.02) | 1.88 | (0.77–4.61) | |
| Sample type | |||||
| Gut | Baseline | Baseline | |||
| External | – | 8.11 | (5.5–11.96)⁎ | ||
| Internal | 0.40 | (0.26–0.61)⁎ | 0.97 | (0.81–1.17) | |
| Goats | Region | ||||
| Northern | – | – | Baseline | ||
| Central | 10.3 | (7.0–15.1)⁎ | 17.3 | (0.65–461.6) | |
| Eastern | Baseline | 4.8 | (0.74–31.8) | ||
| Southern | 8.7 | (5.3–14.1)⁎ | 0.45 | (0.02–12.8) | |
| Western | 5.5 | (3.7–8.1)⁎ | 3.4 | (0.5–22.5) | |
| Sample type | |||||
| Gut | Baseline | Baseline | |||
| External | – | – | 0.91 | (0.23–3.6) | |
| Internal | 1.5 | (1.1–2.1)⁎ | 1.3 | (0.68–2.6) | |
| Sheep | Region | ||||
| Northern | Baseline | Baseline | |||
| Central | – | – | 6.5 | (1.4–30.3)⁎ | |
| Eastern | 2.4 | (0.42–13.8) | 1.1 | (0.55–2.2) | |
| Southern | 7.1 | (0.63–79.5) | 0.25 | (0.07–0.98)⁎ | |
| Western | 2.2 | (0.35–13.6) | 3.1 | (1.3–7.1)⁎ | |
| Sample type | |||||
| Gut | Baseline | Baseline | |||
| External | – | – | 1.4 | (0.93–2.0) | |
| Internal | 1.27 | (0.78–2.1) | 0.85 | (0.4–2.1) | |
| Pigs | Region | ||||
| Northern | – | Baseline | |||
| Central | – | 10.92 | (1.36–87.54)⁎ | ||
| Eastern | Baseline | 2.67 | (0.53–13.44) | ||
| Southern | 0.17 | (0.06–0.52)⁎ | 2.56 | (0.39–16.70) | |
| Western | 0.42 | (0.16–1.15) | 3.46 | (0.67–18.03) | |
| Sample type | |||||
| Gut | Baseline | Baseline | |||
| External | – | – | |||
| Internal | 0.19 | (0.09–0.40)⁎ | 1.07 | (0.83–1.39) | |
| Poultry | Region | ||||
| Northern | Baseline | Baseline | |||
| Central | 13.3 | (4.35–40.74)⁎ | 3.53 | (0.42–29.93) | |
| Eastern | 1.87 | (0.73–4.83) | 1.12 | (0.45–2.81) | |
| Southern | 2.89 | (0.78–10.68) | 2.11 | (0.63–7.06) | |
| Western | 1.45 | (0.56–3.71) | 1.81 | (0.86–3.80) | |
| Sample type | |||||
| Gut | Baseline | Baseline | |||
| External | 1.57 | (1.03–2.39)⁎ | 0.73 | (0.55–0.98)⁎ | |
| Internal | 0.55 | (0.41–0.73)⁎ | 0.45 | (0.39–0.53)⁎ | |
⁎
p < 0.05.