Table 1.
Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis
| Authors | Country | Regions | Origin of samples | Collection period |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Koita et al. [26] | Mali | Sirakoro (suburban village), Bancoumana and Donéguébougou (rural villages) | Asymptomatic blood donors (adults 18 years) and symptomatic subjects (children 6 months to 9 years and adults > 18 years) | 1996 |
| Wurtz et al. [27] | Senegal | Dakar | Symptomatic patients | 2009–2012 |
| Amoah et al. [28] | Ghana | Abura Dunkwa and Obon | Healthy children | 2015 |
| Beshir et al. [29] | Kenya | Mbita (Wester area) | Asymptomatic children aged 5–12 years | Not specified |
| Gupta et al. [30] | Mozambique | Manhiça and Magude | General population | 2010–2016 |
| Kozycki et al. [31] | Rwanda | Busogo (Northern Province), Rukara (Eastern Province) and Kibirizi (Southern Province) Health Centre | Symptomatic patients | 2014–2015 |
| Menegon et al. [32] | Eritrea | Agordat, Barentu (Gash Barka region) and Medefera (Debub region) | Patients (3–70 years) | 2013–2014 |
| Parr et al. [33] | Democratic Republic of the Congo | National (26 provinces) | Mostly asymptomatic under 5 | 2013–2014 |
| Ranadive et al. [34] | Swaziland | Lumumbo | Patients (all age) | 2012–2014 |
| Berhane et al. [35] | Eritrea | Ghindae Hospital and Massawa Hospital in the Northern Red Sea Region | Patients > 5 years old | 2016 |
| Nderu et al. [36] | Kenya | Matayos Health Centre in Busia County | Patients (0.3–76 years) | 2016 |
| Willie et al. [37] | Madagascar | The western highlands fringe region of Madagascar, in the foothills between the central highlands and the tropical western coastal zone | Patients | 2014–2015 |
| Funwei et al. [38] | Nigeria | Ibadan | Febrile children (3–59 months) | 2013–2014 |
| Kobayashi et al. [39] | Zambia | Choma and Nchelenge | Asymptomatic individuals | 2009–2011 and 2015–2017 |
| Mussa et al. [40] | Sudan | Omdurman city | Patients | 2018 |
| Thomson et al. [41] | Ghana, Tanzania and Uganda | Kintampo (Ghana), Mbeya, Mtwara, and Mwanza regions (Tanzania), Jinja district (Uganda) |
Symptomatic patients (6–30 months) Asymptomatic and symptomatic (≥ 6 months), symptomatic (all ages) |
2009–2010; 2010; 2014–2015 |
| Kumar et al. [42] | India | Chhattisgarh | Patients | 2010 |
| Bharti et al. [43] | India | National (eight regions): Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tripura | Symptomatic patients aged above 5 years (pregnant women excluded) | 2014 |
| Pati et al. [44] | India | Odisha | Symptomatic patients aged above 5 years (pregnant women excluded) | 2013–2016 |