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. 2020 Jan 21;12:334. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00334

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Copyright © 2020 Ranjbar-Slamloo and Fazlali.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Biosynthesis of catecholamines from L-tyrosine. (B) Schematic of a tyrosine hydroxylase positive (TH⁺) neuron and its axonal terminals containing different combination of catecholamines, depending on the type of the neuron. (C) Noradrenergic and dopaminergic terminals. (1) Co-release of dopamine (green) and noradrenaline (blue) and their binding to specific receptors on target neurons. (2) Non-specific binding at high concentrations. (3) Non-specific transporter function. NAT, noradrenaline transporter; DAT, dopamine transporter. (4–6) Intracellular pathways shared between noradrenergic and dopaminergic receptors. ADCY, adenylyl cyclase; PLC, phospholipase C.