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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jan 28.
Published in final edited form as: Bioconjug Chem. 2018 Jun 13;29(7):2150–2160. doi: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00271

Figure 1:

Figure 1:

Lyophilization begins with freezing of products and after the sample is supercooled, removal of water happens due to sublimation occurring during primary drying and desorption of water during secondary drying. This leads to formation of porous product cake.