Table 1.

Risk estimates for prostate cancer (PCA) by genes associated with hereditary cancer syndromes.

Gene	Risk for PCA*	Risk for aggressive PCA features*,‡	*+Risk for early-onset PCA (age at diagnosis < 65)*,§	PCA-specific outcomes†
BRCA1	1.07–3.81 [26,53,89–92]	--	1.82 [90]	5.16 [56]
BRCA2	3.18–8.6 [26,56,57,89,93–95]	3.18–4.38 [30,55,96]	7.33 [89]	HR for death 2.4–5.48 [56,96–98], decreased survival [31]
Mismatch repair genes	1.99–3.67 [38,99]	--	2.48 [38]	--
HOXB13	2.8–8.47 [41,44,47,50]	--	2.7–10.11 [41,44,47,50,100]	--

^*Risks are a combination of odds ratios, relative risks, hazard ratios, or standardized incidence ratios depending on the study. Risks vary based on strength of family history reported.

^†Outcomes are a combination of survival estimates or mortality depending on the study.

^‡Definition of aggressive prostate cancer features include Gleason score ≥ 7, depending on the study. Additional studies have described an association of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in particular to features of aggressiveness. The table highlights those studies with reported risk estimates.

^§While definitions for early-onset prostate cancer can vary, risks are reported for age at diagnosis < 65 years to encompass the majority of studies with an age-related focus.