Table 2. A symbolic summary of the effects of T2DM on bone material properties in humans and rodent models.

Each arrow represents the result of one study with compositional, material, or structural outcomes indicated as increased (↑), decreased (↓), and unchanged (↔) vs. non-diabetic controls. Material properties reported here were both directly assessed and estimated from whole-bone tests. Abbreviations: XST = mineral crystallinity; C:P = Carbonate:Phosphate ; XLR = collagen maturity; Pen = Pentosidine concentration; E = elastic modulus; σ_y = yield stress; σ_ult = ultimate stress; K= fracture toughness; P_max = maximum load.

	Mineral composition			Collagen composition				Material properties					Structural properties
	Mineral content	XST	C:P	XLR	Enzymatic Crosslinks	fAGEs	Pen	E	σy	σult	Toughness	K	Pmax	Stiffness
Human [11,43–45]	↑↑	↔	↔	↔	↓/↔↔	↑/↔↔	↑↑	↑/↔	↓/↑	↑/↔	↔↔
Obese C57BL/6 mice [54–57]	↔	↔	↓/↔			↑	↑	↓/↑	↓↓/↔	↓↓		↓↓/↔	↓↓/↔	↓↓↓
ZDF rats [60,61,63]	↓/↔↔							↓/↔↔↔	↔	↓/↔↔↔	↔		↓↓↓↓/↔↔	↓↓↓↓/↔↔
KK/Ay mice [64,65]	↑	↔	↔	↑	↔		↔						↓
Ob/ob mice [67]											↓		↓	↓
Db/db mice [67,69]								↓			↓		↓/↔	↓
ZDSD rats [60,72,73,75]	↑↑	↑/↔	↔↔		↔		↔	↓/↔	↔	↓↓/↔↔	↓↓↓/↔	↔	↓	↓
WBN/Kob rats [12,76]					↓		↑	↓					↓	↓
TallyHo mice [74,77]	↑	↔	↓	↑	↔	↔↔	↔	↑/↔↔		↑↑/↔	↓	↔	↑↑/↔↔	↑/↔↔