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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jan 28.
Published in final edited form as: Anesthesiol Clin. 2019 Oct 12;37(4):769–785. doi: 10.1016/j.anclin.2019.08.003

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Perioperative I/R and inflammation induce oxidative stress (reactive oxygen and nitrogen species), which modulate MQC programs through redox signaling. Excessive oxidative stress may also contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in energetic failure and cell death. RNS, reactive nitrogen species.