Table 1. Characteristics of studies included.
| Reference | Settings | Population | Characterization of the sample | Follow-up | Interval of intervention | Pharmacist interventions | Control | Clinical endpoint measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mahwi et al.(21) | Diabetes center in Iraq | Type 2 diabetics aged 30 to 80 years | n=65/65* Lost to follow-up: 3/4* Age: 52.0±7, 86/53.4±10.81*† Sex: 71.0%/67.2%* female | 3 months | Monthly | Adherence, drug-related problems | Standard care by medical team | HbA1c, fasting glucose and drug-related problems, adherence |
| Jarab et al.(26) | Diabetes outpatient service of a teaching hospital in Jordan | Type 2 diabetics aged ≥18 years, HbA1c ≥7.5% | n=85/86* Lost to follow-up: 8/7* Age: 63.4±10.1/65.3±9.2*† Sex: 42.4%/44.2%* female | 6 months | 8 weeks (follow-up telephone calls) | Patient education, drug-related problems, follow-up telephone calls, self-care | Standard care by medical and nursing teams | HbA1c, adherence, blood pressure, TC, HDL, LDL, TG, BMI, self-care (SDSCA) |
| Wishah et al.(27) | Diabetes outpatient service of a teaching hospital in Jordan | Type 2 diabetics aged ≥18 years, HbA1c ≥6.5%, use of oral hypoglycemic agent | n=52/54* Lost to follow-up: 2/3* Age: 52.9±9.6/53.2±11.2*† Sex: 61.5%/51.9%* female | 6 months | Not informed | Patient education, drug- related problems, self-care | Standard care by medical and nursing teams | HbA1c, blood pressure, TC, HDL, LDL, TG, BMI, fasting glucose, self-care (SDSCA) |
| Chung et al.(28) | Teaching hospital in Malaysia | Type 2 diabetics aged ≥21 and <75 years, HbA1c ≥8%, use of oral hypoglycemic agent | n=120/121* Lost to follow-up: NR Age: 59.7±9.5/58.5±8.3*† Sex: 58.3%/53.7%* female | 12 months | 3 to 4 months with monthly follow-up telephone calls | Medication review, diabetes education | Usual pharmacy services | HbA1c, fasting glucose, adherence |
| Ali et al.(29) | Community pharmacies in the United Kingdom | Type 2 diabetics aged ≥18 years, HbA1c ≥7%, use of oral hypoglycemic agent | n=25/23* Lost to follow-up: 2/0* Age: 66.4±12.7/66.8±10.2*† Sex: 43.5%/56.5%* male | 12 months | Monthly in the first 2 months, then every 3 months | Medication review, patient education, referral to other healthcare professionals | Standard care by medical and nursing teams and community pharmacies | HbA1c, fasting glucose, blood pressure, LDL, HDL, TG, BMI, DQoL, HRQoL, adherence, diabetes knowledge test (DKT), SIMS |
| Mourão et al.(30) | Primary Care Units in Brazil | Type 2 diabetics aged ≥18 years, HbA1c ≥7%, post-prandial glucose ≥180mg/dL, use of oral hypoglycemic agent | n=65/64* Lost to follow-up: 12/9* Age: 60.0±10.2/61.3±9.9*† Sex: 68.0%/66.0%* female | 12 months | Monthly | Drug-related problems, diabetes education | Standard care | HbA1c, blood pressure, LDL, HDL, TG, BMI, drug-related problems |
| Chan et al.(31) | Diabetes clinic of a public hospital in Hong Kong | Type 2 diabetics aged ≥18 years, HbA1c ≥8%, polypharmacy, use of oral hypoglycemic agent | n=51/54* Lost to follow-up: 0/0* Age: 63.2±9,5/61.74±11.2*† Gender: 58.8%/51.9%* male | 9 months | Not reported | Patient education, drug related problems | Standard care by medical team | HbA1c, blood pressure, LDL, HDL, TG, BMI, adherence, cardiovascular risk, cost-effectiveness |
| Korcegez et al.(32) | Diabetes outpatient service in a public hospital in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus | Type 2 diabetics diagnosed at least 6 months prior to the study, HbA1c >7% and use of oral hypoglycemic agent | n=75/77* Lost to follow-up: 4/3* Age: 61.80±10.38/62.22±9.54*† Sex: 77.3%/74.0%* female | 12 months | 2 months | Patient education, drug-related problems, self-care | Standard care by medical and nursing teams | HbA1c, blood pressure, TC, HDL, LDL, TG, BMI, fasting glucose, abdominal circumference, self-care (SDSCA) |
| Siaw et al.(33) | Four outpatient services in Singapore | Type 2 diabetics aged ≥21 years, HbA1c ≥7%, polypharmacy and multiple comorbidities | n=214/197* Lost to follow-up: 3/1* Age: 59.2±8.2/60.1±8.1*† Sex: 52.3%/60.9%* male | 6 months | 4 to 6 weeks | Patient education, drug-related problems, insulin dose adjustment based on symptoms (SIGN algorithm), follow-up telephone calls | Standard care by medical team | HbA1c, systolic blood pressure, LDL, TG, quality of life (PAID), satisfaction with treatment (DTSQ), use of health services, economic analysis |
| Cani et al.(34) | Diabetes outpatient service at a teaching hospital in São Paulo | Type 2 diabetics aged ≥45 years, HbA1c ≥ 8.0%, use of insulin | n=37/41* Lost to follow-up: 3/5* Age: 61.91±9.58/61.58±8.14*† Sex: 34.0%/36%* male | 6 months | Not informed | Patient education, drug-related problems, insulin administration technique | Standard care | HbA1c, knowledge about diabetes, knowledge about drugs, adherence, insulin administration technique, glucose monitoring, quality of life (QoL) |
| Aguiar et al.(35) | University secondary care hospital in São Paulo | Type 2 diabetics diagnosed at least 6 months prior to the study, HbA1c ≥7%, aged between 40 and 79 years, use of oral antidiabetic agent | n=36/37* Lost to follow-up: 0/0* Age: 61.1.6±7.9/62.4±8.2*† Sex: 69.4%/64,9%* female | 12 months | 2 to 6 months (depending on glucose levels) and follow-up telephone calls between visits | Patient education, drug- related problems, insulin administration technique, follow-up telephone calls | Standard care by medical and nursing teams | HbA1c, blood pressure, LDL, adherence |
| Chen et al.(36) | Nantou Hospital, in Taiwan | Type 2 diabetics aged ≥65 years, with HbA1c ≥9% | n=50/50* Lost to follow-up: NR Age: 72.16±6.6/72.76±5.9*† Sex: 50%/50%* male and female | 6 months | Monthly follow-up telephone calls | Patient education, drug-related problems, insulin administration technique, referral to other professionals, follow-up telephone calls | Standard care | HbA1c, fasting glucose, percentage of hospitalizations, economic analysis |
| Jahangard-Rafsanjani et al.(37) | Community pharmacy in Teheran, Iran | Type 2 diabetics with HbA1c >7% and use of oral hypoglycemic agent | n=51/50* Lost to follow-up: 6/10* Age: 57.6±8.3/55.9±8.7*† Sex: 25%/26% female | 5 months | Monthly | Patient education, drug- related problems, follow-up telephone calls, self-care | Standard care by medical team | HbA1c, BMI, blood pressure, adherence, self-care (SDSCA) |
| Xin et al.(38) | Tongde Hospital, Hangzhou province, China | Type 2 diabetics aged ≥18 years, no use of insulin over the last 18 months | n=120/120* Lost to follow-up: 6/7* Age: 58.8±14.4/59.2±14.2*† Sex: 51.8%/50.4%* male | 12 months | Not informed | Patient education, insulin administration technique, follow-up telephone calls | Standard care by medical team | HbA1c, adherence |
| Shao et al.(39) | University hospital in Nanjing province, China | Type 2 diabetics aged ≥18 years, HbA1c ≥7%, diagnosed 3 months before or earlier, and use of oral hypoglycemic agent | n=20/120* Lost to follow-up: 20/21* Age: 58.86±10.59/59.20±10.34*† Sex: 51%/475%* male | 6 months | 2 months (in-person) and monthly follow-up telephone calls | Patient education, follow-up telephone calls | Standard care by medical team | HbA1c, adherence, blood pressure, TC, HDL, LDL, TG, BMI, fasting glucose |
* relation between intervention and Control Group; † age in years (mean±standard deviation).
HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; TC: total cholesterol; HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL: low density lipoprotein; TG: triglycerides; BMI: body mass index; SDSCA: Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Questionnaire; NR: not reported; DQoL: Diabetes Quality of Life Brief Clinical Inventory; HRQoL: Health-Related Quality of Life; DKT: Diabetes Knowledge Test; SIMS: Satisfaction with Information Received About Medicines; PAID: Problem Areas in Diabetes Questionnaire; DTSQ: Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire; QoL: Quality of Life.