Table 3.

Epigenetic changes in meningiomas

Affected gene	Product	Physiologic function	Possible role in meningioma
Focal DNA methylation
TIMP3	Metalloproteinase inhibitor 3	Inhibit MMP9 activity, tumor suppressor	Higher grade
TP73	p73	Cell cycle and growth regulation, tumor suppressor	Tumorigenesis
			Malignant transformation
MEG3	Noncoding RNA	Cell cycle, p53 activation, tumor suppressor	Tumorigenesis
			Higher grade
GSTP1	Glutathione S transferase 1	Carcinogen detoxification, tumor suppressor	Higher grade
HOXA5, 6, 9, 11	Homeobox A gene cluster	Organ development and cell signaling	Tumorigenesis
			Higher grade, progression
WNK2	Serine-threonine kinase	Negatively regulation of EGFR signaling	Tumorigenesis
			Higher grade, progression
MAL2	Mal proteolipid protein2	Potential role in apoptosis	Higher grade
			Malignant transformation
Histone modification
H3K27	Histone H3	Trimethylated H3K27 (H3K27m3): gene silencing	Tumorigenesis
			Worse outcome
HIST1HIC	Histone H1.2	Maintenance of methylation pattern	Recurrence
		Tumor suppressor
KDM5C	Lysine demethylase 5C	Chromatin structuring	Grade I, III
KDM6A	Lysine demethylase 5C	Chromatin structuring	Grade I
Chromatin remodeler
SMARCB1	Subunit of SWI/SNF complex	Chromatin structuring	Higher grade
SMARCE1	Subunit of SWI/SNF complex	Chromatin structuring	Higher grade
microRNA
miR-21	MicroRNA		Tumorigenesis, progression
miR-190a	MicroRNA	Antiapoptosis	Recurrence
miR-335	MicroRNA	Proliferation, RB1 signaling	Progression
miR-29c-3p	MicroRNA	Proliferation	Recurrence
miR-219-5p	MicroRNA	Proliferation, apoptosis	Recurrence
miR-145	MicroRNA	Collagen regulation	Higher grade
		Apoptosis, migration
miR-200a	MicroRNA	E-cadherin regulation	Tumorigenesis
		Wnt/β-catenin signaling	Multifunctional
miR-224	MircoRNA		Progression