Table 3.

Autophagy genes and psychiatric conditions

Gene	Type of gene mutation	Species	Phenotype	Ref
Wdr45	Central nervous system-specific KO	Mouse	Impaired spatial working memory; impaired recall of fear memory	85
Tsc2	Heterozygous KO	Mouse	ASD-like imapired social interaction behavior; dendritic spine pruning defect; elevated mTOR activity and reduced autophagy flux	41
Fmr1	KO	Mouse	Aberrant dendritic spine structure; deficits in synaptic plasticity and cognition; elevated mTOR activity and reduced autophagy flux	89
Ulk1	KO	Mouse	Ethanol exposure-dependent cognitive deficit in novel object recognition	127
Ulk2	Heterozygous KO	Mouse	Deficits in sensorimotor gating and cognitive flexibility; elevated p62 expression in cerebral pyramidal neurons; reduced surface expression of GABAARs; imbalanced excitatory-inhibitory balance	90
Atg7	Post-adolescent KO	Mouse	Impaired social interaction behavior; deficits in inhibitory neurotransmission; elevated p62 expression and reduced surface expression of GABAARs	96
Ulk1, Ulk2, Ulk4	Copy number variation (CNV)	Human	CNVs of Ulk1, Ulk2, and Ulk4 genes in Icelandic schizophrenia and bipolar patients	128
Beclin1	N/A	Human	Reduced expression of Beclin1 in hippocampus in postmortem brains of patients with schizophrenia	113
p62	N/A	Human	Elevated expression of p62 protein in olfactory neuronal cells biopsied from patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder	90