Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn. 2019 Jul 29;27(4):532–552. doi: 10.1080/13825585.2019.1642442
Variable risk options (ROs)
Probability (%) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
Outcome 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 30 30 20 20 10 10
EV 3 6 7.5 10 10 12 10.5 12 12 13 21 22.5 16 17 9 9.5
50% risky alternatives (RAs)
Low-EV options
  Outcome 2 8 11 16 16 20 17 20 18 22 38 41 28 30 14 15
  EV 1 4 5.5 8 8 10 8.5 10 9 11 19 20.5 14 15 7 7.5
High-EV options
  Outcome 10 16 19 24 24 28 25 28 30 30 46 49 36 38 22 23
  EV 5 8 9.5 12 12 14 12.5 14 15 15 23 24.5 18 19 11 11.5
Sure alternatives (SAs)
Low-EV options 1 4 5 8 8 10 8 10 9 11 19 20 14 15 7 7
High-EV options 5 8 10 12 12 14 13 14 15 15 23 25 18 19 9 9

Note: outcomes and expected values (EVs) reflect dollar amounts ($). Low- or high-EV for the alternatives is relative to the RO option.