Table 2.
Functions of key cytokines during tooth development
| Signaling pathways | Key cytokines | Functions | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| BMP | BMP2 | Promotes early tooth mineralization | (Malik et al., 2018) |
| BMP4 | Coincides with the odontogenic potential; regulate the formation of the Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath |
(Jia et al., 2016) (Hosoya, Kim, Cho, & Jung, 2008) |
|
| BMP7 | Promotes early tooth mineralization | (Gao et al., 2018) | |
| BMP9 | Promotes odontoblastic differentiation and osteogenic differentiation | (Huang et al., 2019) | |
| FGF | FGF8 | Epithelial cell-originating factor | (Trumpp, Depew, Rubenstein, Bishop, & Martin, 1999) |
| FGF9 | Plays an important role in epithelial invagination and initiates ectodermal organogenesis | (Tai, Chen, Lin, Ling, & Chen, 2012) | |
| WNT | WNT7b | Positions the sites of tooth formation | (L. Sarkar et al., 2000) |
| WNT3a | Promotes cementoblast differentiation | (Nemoto et al., 2016) | |
| SHH | SHH | Stimulates epithelial cell proliferation | (Cobourne, Hardcastle, & Sharpe, 2001) |