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. 2020 Jan 28;10:1200. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54874-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Equipment used for physical reconstructions of exemplar head impact events. (a) Shoulder events employing vinyl nitrile foam and shoulder pad cap attached to the arm of linear impactor system. (b) Foam impactor cap to replicate the compliance of hip/thigh events. (c) L-frame attachment for additional hybrid III head and neck for helmet impact events. (d) Hybrid III head attached to monorail drop system impacting field turf surface for ground events.