FIGURE 2.

(A) XFM elemental mapping of ion homeostasis after ischemic stroke. Clockwise from top left: Schematic of brain regions affected by stroke; H&E histology of brain tissue 24 h after ischemic stroke; relative concentration and scale bar; Ca influx is observed 24 h after ischemic stroke; K efflux is after ischemic stroke; Cl influx is observed after ischemic stroke. (B) XFM elemental mapping of Cl and K distribution after hemorrhagic stroke: top panel shows Cl influx around swollen lateral ventricles; bottom panel shows K efflux. Scale bar = 1 mm. (C) PIXE elemental mapping of K distribution in 10 μm thick sections of mouse cerebellum, showing optical bright field image of unstained tissue (left), PIXE elemental map for K determined with a H⁺ source (center), and PIXE elemental map for K determined with a C⁴⁺ source (right). Scale bar = 500 μm. (D) Nano-SIMS imaging of Ca microdomains in optic nerve tissue. Left panel shows Ca microdomains (green) in control optic nerve, right panel shows Ca microdomains after nerve injury. Scale bar = 10 μm. Figures adapted with permission from references X (A), Y (B), Z (C). (A) Reprinted with permission from Chwiej et al. (2011) Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society. (B) Reproduced with permission from Williamson et al. (2016). (C) Reprinted from Lee et al. (2013) with permission from Elsevier. (D) Reproduced from Niesporek et al. (2017) permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.