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. 2020 Jan 28;11:554. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-14155-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Temporal (seasonal and interannual) dynamics of atmospheric column-averaged methane concentration (XCH₄) over rice paddy-dominated regions and interannual variations in MODIS-based rice paddy areas during 2000–2015 in monsoon Asia (a), China (b), and India (c). The curves above are time series of monthly SCIAMACHY CH₄ column volume mixing ratios (VMRs, in parts per billion) during 2003–2009 and monthly TANSO-FTS CH₄ column VMRs during 2010–2015. The XCH₄ outliers in winter have been removed. The blue and red dashed lines are average annual values of SCIAMACHY XCH₄ and TANSO-FTS XCH₄, respectively. The black lines and black dashed lines below indicate trends of rice paddy area for different periods in monsoon Asia, China, and India. The rice paddy-dominated regions are shown in Supplementary Fig. 35. The linear trends and its significance levels for different periods are shown below the panels; the formulas in black color are for paddy rice planting area, and the formula in red is for XCH₄. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.