Table 5.
Withdrawal severity after psychedelic-associated opioid cessation or reduction in comparison with previous quit attempts. (n = 155).
| Withdrawal Symptom | n a | Symptom Severity | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Much less severe | Less severe | Same | More severe | Much more severe | ||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Lacrimation | 92 | 26 (28.3%) | 17 (18.5%) | 39 (42.4%) | 7 (7.6%) | 3 (3.3%) |
| Rhinorrhea | 93 | 24 (25.8%) | 20 (21.5%) | 39 (41.9%) | 7 (7.5%) | 3 (3.2%) |
| Fever | 72 | 25 (34.7%) | 11 (15.3%) | 28 (38.9%) | 6 (8.3%) | 2 (2.8%) |
| Muscle aches | 112 | 34 (30.4%) | 21 (18.8%) | 43 (38.4%) | 7 (6.3%) | 7 (6.3%) |
| Diarrhea | 94 | 32 (34.0%) | 17 (18.1%) | 36 (38.3%) | 4 (4.3%) | 5 (5.3%) |
| Headaches | 100 | 32 (32.0%) | 19 (19.0%) | 37 (37.0%) | 6 (6.0%) | 6 (6.0%) |
| Heart pounding | 100 | 26 (26.0%) | 21 (21.0%) | 37 (37.0%) | 8 (8.0%) | 8 (8.0%) |
| Drowsiness | 106 | 24 (22.6%) | 24 (22.6%) | 39 (36.8%) | 10 (9.4%) | 9 (8.5%) |
| Chills | 107 | 35 (32.7%) | 24 (22.4%) | 37 (34.6%) | 4 (3.7%) | 7 (6.5%) |
| Insomnia | 111 | 34 (30.6%) | 21 (18.9%) | 37 (33.3%) | 7 (6.3%) | 12 (10.8%) |
| Increased heart rate | 100 | 30 (30.0%) | 23 (23.0%) | 33 (33.0%) | 9 (9.0%) | 5 (5.0%) |
| Restlessness | 111 | 30 (27.0%) | 33 (29.7%) | 33 (29.7%) | 6 (5.4%) | 9 (8.1%) |
| Fatigue | 115 | 32 (27.8%) | 33 (28.7%) | 33 (28.7%) | 9 (7.8%) | 8 (7.0%) |
| Cravings | 116 | 58 (50.0%) | 29 (25.0%) | 15 (12.9%) | 6 (5.2%) | 8 (6.9%) |
| Irritability | 118 | 53 (44.9%) | 21 (17.8%) | 28 (23.7%) | 8 (6.8%) | 8 (6.8%) |
| Depression | 120 | 53 (44.2%) | 31 (25.8%) | 19 (15.8%) | 9 (7.5%) | 8 (6.7%) |
| Anxiety | 110 | 44 (40.0%) | 26 (23.6%) | 24 (21.8%) | 8 (7.3%) | 8 (7.3%) |
| Seizures | 33 | 13 (39.4%) | 4 (12.1%) | 12 (36.4%) | 1 (3.0%) | 3 (9.1%) |
| Nausea | 98 | 34 (34.7%) | 25 (25.5%) | 29 (29.6%) | 4 (4.1%) | 6 (6.1%) |
| Tremors | 90 | 31 (34.4%) | 19 (21.1%) | 27 (30.0%) | 10 (11.1%) | 3 (3.3%) |
| Lack of appetite | 107 | 34 (31.8%) | 25 (23.4%) | 32 (29.9%) | 10 (9.3%) | 6 (5.6%) |
| Difficulty concentrating | 109 | 33 (30.3%) | 24 (22.0%) | 33 (30.3%) | 10 (9.2%) | 9 (8.3%) |
a
Sample size varies by symptom (range = 33–120), as some participants had never experienced particular withdrawal symptoms. Percentages were calculated based on the number of individuals who reported a particular withdrawal symptom.
Modal responses shown in bold type.