TABLE 3.

Effect sizes and heterogeneity for different moderator subgroups.

Moderator	k	d	C.I.	Q	I2
Research design
Controlled study	713	0.42	[0.37 – 0.46]	3321.86	78.6%
Pre-post study	244	0.63	[0.56 – 0.69]	2317.88	89.5%
Publication type
Journal article	843	0.49	[0.45 – 0.53]	5176.67	83.7%
Dissertation	116	0.36	[0.25 – 0.46]	522.72	78.0%
Outcome measure
Cognitive	597	0.51	[0.46 – 0.55]	3689.88	83.8%
Motivational	109	0.33	[0.23 – 0.42]	600.96	82.0%
Physical	19	0.63	[0.34– 0.92]	36.65	50.9%
Behavioral	30	0.48	[−0.09 – 1.06]	0.28	50.0%
Type of feedback
Reinforcement or punishment	39	0.24	[0.06 – 0.43]	123.54	69.2%
Corrective feedback	238	0.46	[0.39 – 0.55]	1260.41	81.2%
High-information feedback	42	0.99	[0.82 – 1.15]	157.12	73.9%
Feedback direction
Teacher > student	812	0.47	[0.43 – 0.51]	4510.40	82.0%
Student > teacher	27	0.35	[0.13 – 0.56]	52.92	50.9%
Student > student	16	0.85	[0.59 – 1.11]	132.28	88.7%

k, number of study effects; d, average effect size; C.I., 95% confidence interval; Q, heterogeneity within subgroup; I², total amount of heterogeneity within subgroup.