Percentages of spermatozoa with normal morphology, MAI sperm count (millions/mL) and semen volume (mL) before, during, and after (phase I and phase II) mild induced testicular and epididymal heating in men (n=5). (A) Percentages of spermatozoa with normal morphology, MAI; (B) sperm count (millions/mL) and semen volume (mL). Means ± SEM were represented compared to the control group (control; n=27). *, P<0.05. Grey zona: sperm morphology study not possible (see results). MAI, multiple anomalies index; SEM, standard error of the mean.