Table 1.

Behavioral reading scores: Descriptive data and statistical group comparisons for typical readers, dysfluent and severely dysfluent dyslexic readers.

	Typical Readers		Moderately Dysfluent Readers		Severely Dysfluent Readers
N	20		18		16
Age	8.80 ± 0.38		9.02 ± 0.45		8.92 ± 0.41		F(2,51) = 1.38 p = 0.260
Sex ratio (m:f)	8:12		9:9		11:5
Handedness (L:R)	2:18		3:15		3:13		Typical vs. Moderately Dysfluent		Typical vs. Severely Dysfluent		Dysfluent vs. Severely Dysfluent
	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	F(1,36)c	p	F(1,34)	P	F(1,32)c	P
3DM Total Reading Accuracy [%]	95.22	3.64	90.99	4.76	78.66	9.60	10.97	0.002	52.69	<0.001	23.39	<0.001
3DM Total Reading Fluency [Nwords/90 sec]	118.20	18.74	68.06	7.15	46.06	9.77	113.70	<0.001	194.02	<0.001	56.96	<0.001
3DM Total correct + incorrect [Nwords/90 sec]	123.41	16.40	74.83	7.44	58.69	11.89	133.06	<0.001	175.11	<0.001	23.07	<0.001
3DM Total Reading Accuracy [T]a	49.50	9.06	39.44	9.08	25.00	8.56	11.65	0.002	68.22	<0.001	22.60	<0.001
3DM Total Reading Fluency [T]	53.95	9.34	33.83	2.41	26.25	3.87	78.62	<0.001	123.22	<0.001	48.19	<0.001
One minute test − EMT [C]b	6.05	1.76	2.61	0.61	1.44	0.63	61.83	<0.001	99.09	<0.001	30.56	<0.001
Story reading fluency ‘ − De Kat’ [T]	54.70	8.04	36.33	2.20	29.06	5.82	87.81	<0.001	114.35	<0.001	24.25	<0.001
Letter −speech sound coupling [T]
3DM Spelling − accuracy	50.60	9.14	35.89	5.96	33.56	7.16	33.66	<0.001	37.22	<0.001	1.07	0.309
3DM Spelling − RT	54.55	8.70	39.11	6.99	38.25	7.72	35.83	<0.001	34.46	<0.001	0.12	0.735
L-SS identification − accuracy	46.95	7.70	42.94	11.63	38.94	11.50	1.60	0.214	6.24	0.017	1.02	0.321
L-SS discrimination − accuracy	50.20	9.25	46.06	8.96	40.88	7.31	1.89	0.177	10.82	0.002	3.29	0.079
L-SS identification − RT	52.80	7.08	45.00	7.39	42.25	8.04	11.03	0.002	17.50	<0.001	1.08	0.306
L-SS discrimination − RT	51.10	8.01	46.76	9.71	48.38	8.80	2.22	0.145	0.94	0.338	0.25	0.622
Phoneme deletion − accuracy [T]	52.70	7.63	41.94	7.18	36.44	8.39	19.28	<0.001	36.97	<0.001	4.12	0.051
Rapid naming (RAN) [T]	49.85	9.91	38.76	6.86	32.94	9.02	20.36	<0.001	35.88	<0.001	4.40	0.044
Basic reaction time [T]	60.70	9.61	62.29	7.70	66.63	11.22	0.302	0.586	2.91	0.097	1.69	0.203
Raven matrices [C]	7.04	1.49	6.81	1.68	7.28	1.32	0.21	0.651	0.24	0.624	0.81	0.375

^aT scores (M = 50, SD = 10).

^bC scores (M = 5, SD = 2).

^cFor RAN, basic reaction time, phoneme deletion and L-SS discrimination degrees of freedom were: F(1,33) and F(1,31) as data for one subject was missing.