Table 1.
Basic demographic and cognitive performance of participants excluded from and included in final analyses.
| Age Group | Excluded |
Final |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SE | Mean | SE | |
| Female Ratio | ||||
| CH | 0.31 | – | 0.40 | – |
| YA | 0.33 | – | 0.49 | – |
| OA | 0.58 | – | 0.40 | – |
| Years of Formal Education | ||||
| CH | 5 | – | 5 | – |
| YA | 16.25 | 0.75 | 16.27 | 0.49 |
| OA | 15.68 | 0.72 | 17.32 | 0.73 |
| Digit Symbol | ||||
| CH | 41.15 | 1.47 | 40.24 | 1.48 |
| YA | 68.67 | 9.68 | 70.24 | 1.80 |
| OA | 50.90 | 1.63 | 49.68 | 1.54 |
| Vocabulary Knowledge | ||||
| CH | 9.30 | 0.95 | 9.91 | 0.76 |
| YA | 24.17 | 1.10 | 22.23 | 0.63 |
| OA | 28.06 | 0.53 | 28.70 | 0.56 |
| Memory Performance | ||||
| CH | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.24 | 0.02 |
| YA | 0.29 | 0.15 | 0.41 | 0.03 |
| OA | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.32 | 0.02 |
Notes: CH = children, YA = younger adults, OA = older adults. Scale of digit symbol ranged between 0 and 94, and the score refers to number of symbols correctly solved. Scale of vocabulary knowledge ranged between 0 and 35, and the score refers to number of items correctly solved. Memory performance refers to percentage correct. Excluded and final sample only differed significantly on memory performance, particularly in children, t(51) = −6.43, p < 0.001 and older adults, t(49) = −4.93, p < 0.001. Note that the number of younger adults in the excluded sample was very small (n = 2).