Fig. 5.

Forest plot of speech-sound discrimination studies showing the difference of MMN/LDN amplitude between the groups in μVs. The black square indicates the mean difference between the groups in each study (in μV; positive values indicate diminished MMN/LDN responses in SLI) and its size is scaled based on the effect size (a larger square for a bigger effect size). The dotted vertical line represents zero microvolt difference between the groups and horizontal lines at each square show associated confidence intervals (the arrow indicating that the line should continue). Black diamonds represent the results of the meta-analyses (random-effects model, RE) and their lateral tips show the corresponding confidence interval. L = length of speech stimuli, S = SOA, A = the mean age of participants in years, T = the mean point of the analyzed MMN/LDN in ms, C = the specific speech sound contrast (standard −> deviant).