Table 2.
Includes studies that examined the error-related negativity (ERN) in relation to temperament (fear or behavioral inhibition) in children and adolescent populations. Information included in table columns: first author and year of publication, task used to measure the ERN, questionnaire, interview, or lab-based assessment used to measure anxiety or temperament, age range of participants, main findings regarding the ERN and development, main finding regarding the ERN and temperament.
| Task | Sample (N) | Anxiety Measure | Age | Developmental Analyses | Results | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Temperament: | ||||||
| McDermott et al. (2009) | Letter flanker | 113 | BI, K-SADS-PL | BI = 14 and 24 months, 4 and 7 yrs, ERN = 15 yrs | ↑early BI = ↑ adolescent ERN | BI x ERN = adolescent Anxiety Disorders |
| within-subjects | ||||||
| Lahat et al. (2014) | Fish flanker task | 291 | BI, K-SADS-PL | BI = 24 and 36 months, ERN = 7 yrs | ↑early BI = ↑ child ERN | BI x ERN = Social Phobia Disorder |
| within-subjects | ||||||
| Torpey et al. (2013) | Go/No-Go | 413 | Temperamental Fear | Fear = 3 yrs, ERN = 6 yrs | ↑early Fear = ↓ Age 6 ERN | ↑early Fear = ↓ Age 6 ERN, independent of maternal history of anxiety |
| Meyer et al. Invited Resubmission | Go/No-Go, Arrow flanker | 271 | Temperamental Fear | Fear = 3 yrs, ERN = 6 and 9 yrs | ↑early Fear = ↓ Age 6 ERN | ↑early Fear children characterized by developmental trajectory: ↓ERN to ↑ERN |
| ↑early Fear = ↑Age 9 ERN | ||||||
| within-subjects | ||||||
| Moser et al. (2015) | Fish flanker task | 13 | Temperamental Fear | 5–6 yrs | none | ↑ Fear = ↓ ERN |
| Brooker et al. (2014) | modified flanker task (ANT) | 41 | Temperamental Fear | Fear = 2 yrs, ERN = 4 yrs | none | ERN was only observed in ↑ fear group |