Table 3.
Includes studies that examined the error-related negativity (ERN) in relation to prediction of anxiety disorders (top) and other risk factors of anxiety (bottom) in children and adolescent populations. Information included in table columns: first author and year of publication, task used to measure the ERN, questionnaire or interview used to measure anxiety, age range of participants, main findings regarding the ERN and development, main finding regarding the ERN and anxiety. ** denotes that these studies were previously included in Tables 1 and 2.
| Task | Sample (N) | Anxiety Measure | Age | Developmental Analyses | Results | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prediction: | ||||||
| Meyer et al. (2015b) | Go/No-Go | 236 Total | K-SADS-PL; CBCL | ERN = 6yrs, Anxiety Disorders = 9yrs | ↑ Age 6 ERN = ↑ Anxiety Disorders at Age 9 | ↑ Age 6 ERN = ↑ Anxiety Disorders at Age 9, even when controlling for baseline anxiety symptoms and maternal history of anxiety |
| 26 ANX | ||||||
| **McDermott et al. (2009) | Letter flanker | 113 | BI, K-SADS-PL | BI = 14 and 24 months, 4 and 7 yrs, ERN = 15yrs | ↑early BI = ↑ adolescent ERN | BI x ERN = adolescent Anxiety Disorders |
| within-subjects | ||||||
| **Lahat et al. (2014) | Fish flanker task | 291 | BI, K-SADS-PL | BI = 24 and 36 months, ERN = 7 yrs | ↑early BI = ↑ child ERN | BI x ERN = Social Phobia Disorder |
| within-subjects | ||||||
| Meyer et al. (2017) | Go/No-Go | 223 | CBCL | Fear = 3 yrs, ERN = 6 yrs, Anxiety symptoms = 9 yrs old | ↑ Age 6 ERN x Age 3 Fear x Hurricane stressors = ↑ in post-hurricane anxiety symptoms | ↑ Age 6 ERN = increased vulnerability to hurricane-related increases in anxiety symptoms |
| Associations with other risk factors: | ||||||
| **Carrasco et al. (2013) | Arrow flanker | 40 HC | K-SADS-PL | 10–17 yrs | ↑ERN = ↑Age | ↑ERN in healthy siblings of children with OCD |
| 19 siblings | ||||||
| **Meyer et al. (2017) | Arrow flanker | 155 | K-SADS-PL; fear-potentiated startle | 9 yrs | None | ↑ERN = ↑ fear-potentiated startle |
| Jackson et al. (2017) | Arrow flanker | 54 | BIS, startle habituation | 8–14 yrs | ↑ERN = ↑pubertal status | ↑ERN = ↓ startle habituation to CS+ |
| ↑ERN = ↑ BIS | ||||||
| **Torpey et al. (2013) | Go/No-Go | 413 Total | Maternal History of Anxiety | 6 yrs | ↑ERN = ↑Age | Maternal Anxiety = ↓ERN in child |
| **Hajcak et al. (2008) | Simon | 18 OCD | Y-BOCS | 8–17 yrs | ↑ERN = ↑Age | ↑ERN in children who no longer met criteria for OCD (post treatment) |
| 18 HC | ||||||
| Lo et al. (2015) | Go/No-Go and fish flanker task | 90 | Startle, resting parietal asymmetry | 3–7 yrs | ↑ERN = ↑Age | ↓ERN = ↑ startle |
| ↓ERN = ↑ alpha asymmetry | ||||||