TABLE 1—
Descriptive Statistics by Health Insurance Status in the National Survey of Drug Use and Health 2014, 2015, and 2016 Survey Waves: United States
| Full Sample, % (No.) or Median (Range) | Health Insurance, % (No.) or Median (Range) | No Health Insurance, % (No.) or Median (Range) | |
| Outpatient (no, yes)* | 67.81 (3987) | 74.31 (3225) | 50.11 (762) |
| Outpatient no.* | 2 (0–19) | 2 (0–19) | 1 (0–19) |
| ED (no, yes)* | 43.96 (2626) | 46.01 (2018) | 38.35 (608) |
| ED no.* | 0 (0–31) | 0 (0–31) | 0 (0–30) |
| Hospital overnight (no, yes)* | 13.28 (741) | 15.04 (619) | 8.49 (122) |
| Hospital overnight no.* | 0 (0–31) | 0 (0–31) | 0 (0–30) |
| Health insurance type* | |||
| None | 26.88 (1546) | 0 (0) | 100.00 (1546) |
| Public | 33.42 (2015) | 45.70 (2015) | 0.00 (0) |
| Private | 31.38 (2015) | 42.91 (2015) | 0.00 (0) |
| Public and private | 4.37 (214) | 5.98 (214) | 0.00 (0) |
| Other | 3.96 (296) | 5.41 (296) | 0.00 (0) |
| Criminal justice involvement | |||
| Arrest | 41.84 (2595) | 41.29 (1934) | 43.36 (661) |
| Probation | 40.11 (2432) | 40.82 (1845) | 38.18 (587) |
| Parole | 18.05 (1059) | 17.89 (761) | 18.46 (298) |
| Substance use | |||
| Alcohol dependence or abuse | 24.14 (1538) | 24.17 (1147) | 24.06 (391) |
| Nicotine dependence or abuse* | 26.83 (1643) | 25.69 (1183) | 29.95 (460) |
| Illicit drug use | 12.43 (756) | 12.21 (564) | 13.04 (192) |
| Marijuana dependence or abuse | 7.85 (624) | 8.21 (480) | 6.90 (144) |
| Psychological distress | 24.87 (1642) | 25.72 (1270) | 22.54 (372) |
| Health* | |||
| Excellent | 16.23 (1086) | 16.45 (822) | 15.64 (264) |
| Very good | 30.52 (2028) | 31.50 (1520) | 27.86 (508) |
| Good | 33.19 (1968) | 31.31 (1433) | 38.29 (535) |
| Fair or poor | 20.05 (1002) | 20.73 (764) | 18.21 (238) |
| Employment* | |||
| Full time | 45.29 (2691) | 44.20 (1956) | 48.25 (735) |
| Part time | 12.69 (877) | 12.56 (666) | 13.03 (211) |
| Unemployed | 14.49 (984) | 12.52 (672) | 19.86 (312) |
| Other | 27.53 (1534) | 30.72 (1246) | 18.86 (288) |
| Marital status* | |||
| Married | 23.33 (1089) | 23.91 (812) | 21.74 (277) |
| Never married | 52.70 (3953) | 50.99 (2929) | 57.35 (1024) |
| Divorced, separated, or widowed | 23.97 (1044) | 25.10 (799) | 20.90 (245) |
| Female* | 29.98 (2066) | 32.20 (1672) | 23.94 (394) |
| Age, y* | |||
| 18–25 | 28.09 (2896) | 29.04 (2220) | 25.50 (676) |
| 26–34 | 26.75 (1550) | 23.83 (1059) | 34.69 (491) |
| 35–49 | 25.68 (1206) | 25.07 (887) | 27.34 (319) |
| ≥ 50 | 19.48 (434) | 22.06 (374) | 12.47 (60) |
| Race/ethnicity* | |||
| White | 53.03 (3011) | 55.14 (2309) | 47.28 (702) |
| Black | 21.80 (1267) | 22.03 (935) | 21.16 (332) |
| Latino | 19.18 (1126) | 16.13 (732) | 27.48 (394) |
| Other | 5.99 (682) | 6.70 (564) | 4.08 (118) |
| Education* | |||
| < high school | 26.54 (1640) | 23.04 (1090) | 36.07 (550) |
| High school | 35.24 (2233) | 34.76 (1647) | 36.54 (586) |
| Some college | 30.76 (1839) | 33.45 (1481) | 23.45 (358) |
| ≥ college | 7.45 (374) | 8.74 (322) | 3.93 (52) |
| Povertya,* | |||
| In poverty | 33.68 (2192) | 30.86 (1564) | 41.32 (628) |
| Up to 2 times poverty threshold | 26.82 (1660) | 25.88 (1164) | 29.37 (496) |
| More than 2 times poverty threshold | 39.5 (2202) | 43.26 (1781) | 29.31 (421) |
| No. of residential moves* | |||
| 0 | 53.73 (2921) | 55.76 (2259) | 48.15 (662) |
| 1 | 24.65 (1579) | 23.90 (1153) | 26.70 (426) |
| 2 | 11.86 (764) | 10.71 (528) | 15.01 (236) |
| ≥ 3 | 9.77 (688) | 9.63 (507) | 10.14 (181) |
| Risk-taking scale | |||
| 0 | 61.61 (3501) | 61.38 (2600) | 62.24 (901) |
| 1 | 16.75 (1027) | 16.75 (774) | 16.77 (253) |
| 2 | 21.64 (1543) | 21.87 (1157) | 20.99 (386) |
Note. ED = emergency department. Sample size n = 6058. Descriptive statistics were weighted accounting for complex survey design. We used the χ2 test to determine statistical significance for categorical variables and the t test for continuous variables. For ED and hospital night number, 31 is used by the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) to capture 31 or more visits. For outpatient number, NSDUH uses 16 to capture 16 to 20 times, 17 to capture 21 to 25 times, 18 to capture 26 to 30 times, and 19 to capture 31 or more times. The “other” race/ethnicity category captures all individuals who are not in the first 3 categories. “Single” includes people who are partnered if they have never been married, divorced, separated, or widowed. Unweighted frequencies are in parentheses for categorical variables. Minimum and maximum are in parentheses for continuous variables.
According to the US Census Bureau in the year the person was surveyed.
Significant difference between people with health insurance and people without health insurance at P < .05.