TABLE 1—
Demographic Characteristics, Negative Police Encounters, Police Avoidance, and Depressive Symptoms Among a Weighted Sample of Black Men, Overall and by History of Incarceration: Washington, DC, 2015–2016
| History of Incarceration |
|||
| Overall,a No. (%) or Mean ± SD | No,b No. (%) or Mean ±SD | Yes,b No. (%) or Mean ±SD | |
| Sample size | 891 (100) | 629 (70.6) | 251 (28.2) |
| Educationc | |||
| Some high school | 91 (10.2) | 56 (8.9) | 35 (13.9) |
| High school or equivalent | 333 (37.4) | 204 (32.4) | 129 (51.4) |
| Some college | 264 (29.6) | 196 (31.2) | 68 (27.1) |
| Bachelor’s degree | 129 (14.5) | 115 (18.3) | 14 (5.6) |
| Graduate degree | 60 (6.7) | 56 (8.9) | 4 (1.6) |
| Currently unemployedc | 323 (36.2) | 200 (31.8) | 123 (49.0) |
| Married or cohabitating | 328 (36.8) | 222 (35.3 | 106 (42.2) |
| Aged | 30.25 ±7.80 | 29.36 ±7.92 | 32.46 ±7.04 |
| Negative police encountersd | 1.22 ±1.11 | 1.00 ±1.01 | 1.76 ±1.16 |
| Police avoidanced | 1.13 ±0.90 | 0.98 ±0.85 | 1.50 ±0.90 |
| Depressive symptomse | 7.82 ±5.45 | 7.57 ±5.41 | 8.47 ±5.53 |
Note. The sample size was n = 891.
a
Percentages are for the full sample.
b
Percentages are specific to the stratified sample.
c
Significant group difference (χ2; P < .001).
d
Significant group difference (t test; P < .001).
e
Significant group difference (t test; P < .05).