Table 1. Baseline characteristics.
| Parameter | PPM (n=36) | No PPM (n=585) | Difference | 95% CI | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Recipient data | |||||
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 55.0±6.5 | 51.8±10.5 | 3.2 | 0.8–5.6 | 0.01* |
| Male sex, n (%) | 27 (75.0) | 460 (78.6) | 3.6 | −10.9–18.1 | 0.61 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 26.4±4.1 | 24.8±3.9 | 1.6 | 0.2–3.0 | 0.03* |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 15 (41.7) | 239 (40.9) | 0.8 | −15.8–17.4 | 0.92 |
| Arterial hypertension, n (%) | 26 (72.2) | 313 (53.5) | 18.7 | 3.5–33.9 | 0.03* |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 26 (72.2) | 368 (62.9) | 9.3 | −5.8–24.4 | 0.26 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 14 (38.9) | 196 (33.5) | 5.4 | −11.0–21.8 | 0.51 |
| Renal insufficiency^, n (%) | 21 (58.3) | 335 (57.3) | 1.0 | −15.5–17.5 | 0.90 |
| GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), mean ± SD | 58.6±16.6 | 60.4±21.5 | 1.8 | −4.2–7.8 | 0.54 |
| Previous open heart surgery | |||||
| Overall open heart surgery, n (%) | 10 (27.8) | 171 (29.2) | 1.4 | −13.7–16.5 | 0.85 |
| CABG surgery, n (%) | 5 (13.9) | 72 (12.3) | 1.6 | −10.0–13.2 | 0.78 |
| Congenital, valvular or ventricular surgery, n (%) | 5 (13.9) | 65 (11.1) | 2.8 | −8.8–14.4 | 0.61 |
| VAD surgery, n (%) | 3 (8.3) | 44 (7.5) | 0.8 | −8.5–10.1 | 0.86 |
| Principal diagnosis for HTX | |||||
| Ischemic CMP, n (%) | 12 (33.3) | 194 (33.2) | 0.1 | −15.8–16.0 | 0.98 |
| Non-ischemic CMP, n (%) | 21 (58.3) | 309 (52.8) | 5.5 | −11.1–22.1 | 0.52 |
| Valvular heart disease, n (%) | 2 (5.6) | 32 (5.5) | 0.1 | −7.6–7.8 | 0.98 |
| Cardiac amyloidosis, n (%) | 1 (2.8) | 50 (8.5) | 5.7 | −0.2–11.6 | 0.22 |
| Donor data | |||||
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 46.7±11.8 | 40.7±13.5 | 6.0 | 1.8–10.2 | <0.01* |
| Male sex, n (%) | 19 (52.8) | 248 (42.4) | 10.4 | −6.4–27.2 | 0.22 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 25.0±4.2 | 24.8±4.1 | 0.2 | −1.3–1.7 | 0.75 |
| Perioperative data | |||||
| Transplant sex mismatch, n (%) | 16 (44.4) | 263 (45.0) | 0.6 | −16.2–17.4 | 0.95 |
| Ischemic time (min), mean ± SD | 217.8±72.9 | 222.8±68.3 | 5.0 | −20.6–30.6 | 0.70 |
| Ischemic time ≥240 min, n (%) | 15 (41.7) | 241 (41.2) | 0.5 | −16.1–17.1 | 0.96 |
| Biatrial HTX, n (%) | 15 (41.7) | 147 (25.1) | 16.6 | 0.2–33.0 | 0.03* |
| Bicaval HTX, n (%) | 21 (58.3) | 438 (74.9) | 16.6 | 0.2–33.0 | 0.03* |
^, GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2; *, statistically significant (P<0.05). CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CMP, cardiomyopathy; CI, confidence interval; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HTX, heart transplantation; n, number; PPM, permanent pacemaker; SD, standard deviation; VAD, ventricular assist device.