Figure 1.

3D-printed gastric resident electronics (GRE) for biomedical applications. Illustration describes the 3D-printed GRE concept: A) patient-specific multimaterial 3D printing of GRE. B) GRE is designed to be delivered orally (1), reside in the stomach for weeks (2), and finally break up (3) pass through the pylorus and be excreted from the gastric space. C) Specifically, the GRE can be compressed into a capsule-size dosage form. D) The expansion of the device enables gastric residence and allows long-term remote communication with personal device. E) Ultimately, the disintegration of the device allows the safe passage of the device from the gastric space. F) GRE is directly compatible with personal devices, such as a smart phone, empowering the users to communicate and control the long-residence device without a specialized equipment. G) This enables a seamless interconnection with other wireless electronics peripherals, wearable devices, and biomedical implants, allowing a real-time feedback-based automated treatment or responsive medication. The interconnection of GRE with the digital cloud via personal electronics could ultimately enable the next generation of digital medical interventions. H) Computer-aided design models of the gastric-resident electronics device showing the (i) gastric resident architecture; (ii) integration of electronics and power system for communications and control; (iii) personalized drug delivery modules. Inset shows the cross section of the design demonstrating the integration of a Bluetooth wireless-microcontroller, antenna, batteries, and drug delivery modules. I) Optical photograph shows the dimension of a fabricated device. J) X-ray image shows the deployed GRE in a porcine stomach.