Table 2.

QoL influencing factors among older adults in five LMICs

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)
Country (Ref: China)
India	−3.42 (0.18)†	−6.69 (0.33)†	0.62 (0.31)*	−0.03 (0.31)
Russia	−3.36 (0.22)†	−5.34 (0.24)†	− 0.97 (0.22)†	−1.15 (0.22)†
South Africa	−3.71 (0.23)†	−6.63 (0.29)†	−2.55 (0.26)†	−3.70 (0.28)†
Ghana	−6.66 (0.21)†	−7.64 (0.27)†	−3.44 (0.25)†	−5.40 (0.28)†
Age group (Ref: 50–59)
60–69	−1.93 (0.16)†	− 1.32 (0.16)†	0.42 (0.14)†	0.55 (0.14)†
70–79	−4.06 (0.18)†	−3.02 (0.18)†	1.00 (0.16)†	1.28 (0.17)†
80 and above	−7.49 (0.29)†	−5.96 (0.28)†	1.56 (0.26)†	2.14 (0.27)†
Female	−2.34 (0.14)†	−1.80 (0.13)†	−0.44 (0.12)†	− 0.03 (0.13)
Education (Ref: Less than primary)
Primary only		0.43 (0.20)*	−0.21 (0.18)	−0.21 (0.17)
Secondary only		1.08 (0.21)†	−0.09 (0.19)	− 0.07 (0.19)
High school only		2.27 (0.23)†	−0.05 (0.21)	−0.08 (0.21)
College and above		4.22 (0.31)†	0.87 (0.28)†	0.68 (0.28)*
Health insurance		0.75 (0.21)†	0.57 (0.19)†	0.47 (0.19)*
Income		6.41 (0.18)†	5.16 (0.16)†	5.06 (0.16)†
Living environment		0.57 (0.09)†	0.56 (0.08)†	0.64 (0.08)†
Cognitive function			1.02 (0.08)†	0.89 (0.08)†
Physical function			−0.36 (0.00)†	−0.35 (0.00)†
Arthritis			−2.32 (0.15)†	− 2.39 (0.14)†
Hypertension			0.02 (0.12)	−0.01 (0.12)
Diabetes			−2.35 (0.23)†	−2.31 (0.23)†
Married				1.05 (0.16)†
Family support				0.09 (0.13)
Community support				−0.52 (0.31)
Social cohesion index				0.23 (0.01)†
Living arrangements				1.23 (0.21)†

Note. ^* < 0.05; ^† < 0.01